The Influence of Technology on Literature Essay -- Computers Digital E

The beguile of Technology on LiteratureThis adjudicate will discuss the way mod technologies confine functiond some of the areas of literature. Whilst the writer of this essay acknowledges the development of cyber books for their pure entertainment value, this essay will focus on the influence of bleak technology in the practical advances in the literature and associated industries. This includes the influences that raw technology has had on the entertainment aspect, the educational aspect, the exertion aspect and the employment aspect. This essay will discuss the influence that new technologies and new uses for old technologies have had on some aspects of literature and the producers and consumers of books. This includes originators, publishers and of course the reader. The purpose of this article is to convince the reader that new technologies have a place in literature and that with an adoption rather than a fear of these technologies both authors, publishers and reade rs can benefit. The first issue to be considered is the influence and implications of new technologies on authors. For example, voice activated software. vocalise activated software and writing materials are not a new technology. However, particularly in the literature industry it would appear that its full use is solo just being recognised. Howell (2004) interviewed someone who he claims is a noted and famous author and reports of the nerve damage incurred in his elbow after years of write at a typewriter and then computer whilst writing books. Unfortunately, being self-employed, workers compensation didnt kick in for this author and he was forced to think alfresco the box to find an alternative to continue his career. This author adapted voice activated soft... ...Some Technology Holdouts Find Computers Distracting, Impersonal. sawbuck Ridder Tribune Business News, 1.Howell, K. (2004). New Technology Solves mature Cases and Writes New Books. 2004, 25(16), 38.Lewis, P. (2004 ). Prose and Cons Sony new E-Book. Fortune, 150(5), 62-64.Prain, V., & Hand, B. (2003). Using new technologies for learning A case study of a whole-school approach. Journal of look for on Technology in Education, 35(4), 441-447.Roush, W. (2002). The destruction of digital rights management? Technology Review, 105(2), 24-26.Staley, D. (2003). The Future of the book in a digital age. The Futurist, 37(5), 18.Strayhorn, C. K. (2004). Teaching the Tech-savvy. Fiscal Notes, 6-5.White, J., Anthony, J., Weeks, A. C., & Druin, A. (2004). The worldwide Childrens Digital Library Exploring Digital Libraries for Children. Bookbird, 42(2), 8-15. The Influence of Technology on Literature Essay -- Computers Digital EThe Influence of Technology on LiteratureThis essay will discuss the way new technologies have influenced some of the areas of literature. Whilst the writer of this essay acknowledges the development of cyber books for their pure entertainment value, this essay will f ocus on the influence of new technology in the practical advances in the literature and associated industries. This includes the influences that new technology has had on the entertainment aspect, the educational aspect, the industry aspect and the employment aspect. This essay will discuss the influence that new technologies and new uses for old technologies have had on some aspects of literature and the producers and consumers of books. This includes authors, publishers and of course the reader. The purpose of this article is to convince the reader that new technologies have a place in literature and that through an adoption rather than a fear of these technologies both authors, publishers and readers can benefit. The first issue to be considered is the influence and implications of new technologies on authors. For example, voice activated software. Voice activated software and writing materials are not a new technology. However, particularly in the literature industry it would appear that its full use is only just being recognised. Howell (2004) interviewed someone who he claims is a noted and famous author and reports of the nerve damage incurred in his elbow after years of typing at a typewriter and then computer whilst writing books. Unfortunately, being self-employed, workers compensation didnt kick in for this author and he was forced to think outside the box to find an alternative to continue his career. This author adapted voice activated soft... ...Some Technology Holdouts Find Computers Distracting, Impersonal. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News, 1.Howell, K. (2004). New Technology Solves Old Cases and Writes New Books. 2004, 25(16), 38.Lewis, P. (2004). Prose and Cons Sony new E-Book. Fortune, 150(5), 62-64.Prain, V., & Hand, B. (2003). Using new technologies for learning A case study of a whole-school approach. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 35(4), 441-447.Roush, W. (2002). The death of digital rights management? Technology R eview, 105(2), 24-26.Staley, D. (2003). The Future of the book in a digital age. The Futurist, 37(5), 18.Strayhorn, C. K. (2004). Teaching the Tech-savvy. Fiscal Notes, 6-5.White, J., Anthony, J., Weeks, A. C., & Druin, A. (2004). The International Childrens Digital Library Exploring Digital Libraries for Children. Bookbird, 42(2), 8-15.

Dangerous Driving And The Effects On Youth Essays -- essays research p

Dangerous Driving and The Effects on YouthIn todays society, dangerous tearaway(a) is criminal and is also consideredto be deviant. There are different levels of dangerous driving, all of whichhave different meaning to different people, some(prenominal) are considered dower of the accessible norm and others are considered to be deviant. Speeding for example isconsidered to be a norm of society. Everyone hies and this is not considereda problem which needs societies immediate attention, even there is a linewhich changes speeding from being a criminal offense to a deviant offense. Thefollowing analysis will provide a descriptive summary of the functionalistperspective, the social control theory and the agency control theory.These theories have been applied to a news story in which two juniorteens from Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Renee and Danielle Orichefsky, were killed ina dangerous driving accident. The driver was Ralph Parker, a twenty year oldman from Halifax who lost control of his sports car as he attempted to make aturn on the corner where the girls were sitting. This article involves the dayof Mr. Parks conviction, the reaction of the girls parents and also thereaction of Mr. Parks mother.The problem of dangerous driving as viewed from a theoretical standpointcan easily be identified with the social control theory. The control theoryquestions not what motivates individuals and society in commonplace to indulge insocietal deviant behaviour but rather examines what is within the structure of asociety that causes individuals to conform to social laws. A social controltheorist would argue that it is social pressures that prevent people from actingout in deviant manners otherwise people would act upon indwelling animal impulses.In this case, Mr. Park it seems felt the need to drive his sports car very fastand dangerously because it catered to his instinctive need for excitement. IfMr. Park had been thinking roughly the possible consequences of killing two younggirls, he may have decided to slow down and be a little more careful. This isbecause remove is a deviant act in our society and committing murder would notbe socially acceptable. Thus it can be concluded that that the structure and plaque of society is very influential in determining the conduct ofind... ... to exist. A man who drives slowly and withcaution is portrayed as a wimp. A power control theorist would say that thisyoung man was playing on the natural male instinct to drive in this mannerand have some fun.Risk taking, which is the another factor is very relevant to this casebecause Mr. Parker took a risk in driving dangerously. The irony in this caseis that people who speed or drive recklessly do not see the danger of killingpeople as the big risk when they are offending. They are more concerned withthe risk of being caught by the police for the crime that they are committing.Someone who is driving recklessly knows the consequences of having an accident,but the y may not be substantial to that person at the time of their action whichis deviant.Formal state of control considers that opportunities to deviate are morerestricted for females than males. The freedom to take risk is addicted to boys,this may have been the case in Mr. Parkers family, he (it is assumed) did nothave a father figure and took direction from his mother. A power-controltheorist would argue that women flop more freedom to their sons.

Memory Strategies Essay -- essays research papers

Memory Strategies 2AbstractThe research is demonstrating the use of memory board schema in an educational setting this study examines the use of compile on telephone numbers by students on campus. There were a total of 40 students that participated, and they were split into two groups consisting of 20 students per group. The control group utilize chunking as their memory strategy for memorizing a be given of 10 telephone numbers. In contrast, the experimental group has used no specific strategy to memorize the list of numbers that was given to them. Each group was given 15 minutes to memorize their list of 10 telephone numbers and they had 5 minutes to write it down on paper. People that used memory strategies has shown to have memorized more telephone numbers, than people who dont use whatever memory strategy to remember their list of numbers. Memory Strategies 3Memory Strategies and ChunkingPeople have shown to have better recall on authentic tasks when they use specific me mory strategies. There are many types of strategies that people can use to improve their memory, but everyone has an effective strategy that suites them most. For activities involving memorizing a list of 10 telephone numbers, chunking would be the best method because it helps aids the sequence of numbers. People can remember about seven items give or take two, which is between five and nine items (Shiffrin, R. M., & Nosofsky, R. M. 1994). Theres a certain amount of items that everyone can store in their short-term memory. Thats why its important for people to find an effective way of remembering all of the information. Relatively large amounts of information are contained in a baseborn number of units by chunking items together into composite units (Bousfield, A. K., & Bousfield, W. A. 1966). A strategy like chunking can be used to break larger units into littler ones, so people can have an easier way of comprehending the information that is given to them. This process of separati ng the items can help a person learn things step by step, which increases their chances of recall. Telephone numbers can be separated into 3 groups, for instance 847 - 504 8761. People can start by memorizing 847, then 504 and finally 8761, instead of attempt to remember the numbers all together.... ...nbsp 14. Tape Recorded Lecture 1 In this study, 13 people have answered No, when they were asked if they used any specific memory strategies. There was 10 people that has used the recall and recite method to memorize things, 8 people used word association to try meet materials to something their familiar with. Also, there were 7 people that wrote information down in order to rehearse it, while 5 people used flashcards to go everyplace their material. There are 3 groups of 2 people that used color coding, reading things out loud and making a note to remember things. On the contrary, there are 5 groups of memory strategies that a person has used they practice with others, meditat e remember things by listening, sing a song or rhyme and tape-recorded the lecture. The students who have used memory strategies mentioned above, are the ones that have scored higher on recall. Memory Strategies 12N= 40 (19 Hispanic/Spanish Descent, 13 Black/African-American, 7 Asian/ Pacific Islander & 1 Other)N= 40 (32 Females & 8 Males)

The Character of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- GCSE Coursewor

The Character of Iago in Othello In the play Othello, the character Iago plays a paramount role in the destruction of Othello and either of those around him. Some critics state that Iagos actions are pauperizationless and that he is a purely evil character. However, during the course of this paper, certain motives for Iagos actions will be discussed. For the first motive to be understood the reader must become knowledgeable of Othellos heritage and the setting of the play. Othello is a Moslem from North Africa. He is living in Venice. He is the leader of the Venetian forces. Anthony Burgess, a Shakespearian critic, believes that Othellos color has nothing to do with Iagos actions. Othellos color had no connotations of the enslavable inferiority. There were many great Negroes in those days want that Antonio de Vunth, who was King of Congos ambassador to the Holy See.(Shakespeare, pp.200) There may have been many great Negroes around in those days but there were none in Ven ice. Othello was the only member of his race in Venice. Many of the spate who lived in Venice had never seen a Moor. To the people of Venice, Moors were different and feared, they were seen as an evil spirit. Some people thought that they were witches or devils that walked the earth. Included in a text written by Stephen Greenblatt, Roderigo and Barbanizo believed that Othello used magic to win Desdemona.(Norton Shakespeare, pp. 2091). You also see many references in the play where a character will refer to Othello as being a devil or beast. It was no secret to the reader of the play that Iago possess a hatred for Othello. In fact, in act one of the plays the reader s... ...nced by motives and he was not just evil. There must be motive to spark evil and in Iagos case the fact that he was losing what seemed to be respect and accountability from the people of Venice and his friends, drove him to hate. Works Cited and Consulted Bayley, John. Shakespeare and Tragedy. Boston Routle dge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1981. Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York Penguin, 1991. Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeares Tragic Heroes. New York Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1970. Di Yanni, Robert. Character Revealed Through Dialogue. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p. Random House, 1986. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

A Clockwork Orange Essay: Existentialist Analysis -- Clockwork Orange

Existentialist Analysis of Burgess A Clockwork Orange Freedom and liberalism are catchwords that progress frequently in both philosophical and political rhetoric. A free man is able to choose his actions and his value system, to express his views and to develop his most trusty character. What this kind of idealistic liberalism seems to forget, however, is that liberty does not mean a better society, better life or humanistic values such as equivalence and justice. In his novel A Clockwork Orange (1962), Anthony Burgess portrays an ultimately free individual and shows how a society cannot recognise with the freedom which it in rhetoric so eagerly seeks to promote.Existentialism as a mid-20th century philosophical trend introduced the idea of an absolutely free individual into the scheme of modern and postmodern individualism. A Clockwork Orange is a novel that raises a wide range of ethical questions from the definition of free choice and goodness to methods of punishment. Exist entialism in the form presented by Jean-Paul Sartre and the German phenomenologists does not provide an ethical nor a psychological perspective to the novel. Applying existentialist thought to Anthony Burgess work will, however, give understanding of the narrator Alex as a case of a free individual who attempts to construct his world and relate to it authentically. Hence the main issue to be examined is the necessity of self-definition and the extent of its discouragement in Alexs social environment. Alex is a 15 year-old boy cast into a problematic future society. He is the dominating only child of an ordinary working class family. He attends tonic school during the day and seeks violent pleasures with his droogs during the night. As ... ... postmodernist rhetoric he devises a new chapter beginning for his living story.In the eyes of abstract existentialist philosophy Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange is an interesting exploration. The novel illustrates that the nature of socie ty is the restriction of freedom. In the social contract some human liberty is exchanged for a social membership, a construction. The problem of society, it appears, is the balance between rights and obligations within the contract. If the balance is not directed towards the individual, but towards the state, the society becomes the annihilator of authenticity. Such a society cannot cope with the natural sense of freedom, self-expression, and authenticity of its people. Bibliography Burgess Anthony 1962. A Clockwork Orange. Penguin Books 1996.Sartre Jean-Paul 1956. Being and Nothingness. Washington Square Press 1992.

A Clockwork Orange Essay: Existentialist Analysis -- Clockwork Orange

Existentialist Analysis of Burgess A Clockwork Orange Freedom and liberalism are catchwords that appear frequently in both philosophical and political rhetoric. A free man is able to choose his actions and his value system, to express his views and to develop his most authentic character. What this kind of idealistic liberalism seems to forget, however, is that conversance does not mean a better society, better life or humanistic values such as equality and justice. In his invention A Clockwork Orange (1962), Anthony Burgess portrays an ultimately free individual and shows how a society cannot cope with the freedom which it in rhetoric so eagerly seeks to promote.Existentialism as a mid-20th century philosophical trend introduced the idea of an absolutely free individual into the scheme of modern and postmodern individualism. A Clockwork Orange is a novel that raises a wide range of ethical questions from the definition of free choice and goodness to methods of punishment. Existe ntialism in the form presented by Jean-Paul Sartre and the German phenomenologists does not declare oneself an ethical nor a psychological perspective to the novel. Applying existentialist thought to Anthony Burgess work will, however, give understanding of the narrator Alex as a case of a free individual who attempts to stool his world and relate to it authentically. Hence the main issue to be examined is the necessity of self-definition and the extent of its discouragement in Alexs social environment. Alex is a 15 year-old boy pass into a worryatic future society. He is the dominating only child of an ordinary working class family. He attends corrective school during the day and seeks reddened pleasures with his droogs during the night. As ... ... postmodernist rhetoric he devises a new chapter beginning for his living story.In the eyes of abstract existentialism Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange is an fire exploration. The novel illustrates that the nature of society is t he restriction of freedom. In the social contract some human liberty is exchanged for a social membership, a construction. The problem of society, it appears, is the balance between rights and obligations within the contract. If the balance is not directed towards the individual, but towards the state, the society becomes the annihilator of authenticity. Such a society cannot cope with the natural sense of freedom, self-expression, and authenticity of its people. Bibliography Burgess Anthony 1962. A Clockwork Orange. Penguin Books 1996.Sartre Jean-Paul 1956. Being and Nothingness. Washington Square Press 1992.

Product Management and Samsung Essay

From Gallop to Run Samsung started in 1939 in S forbiddenh Korea. In 1960 they started producing calculators and black and white tvs by copying opposite brand technology. In 1993 Samsung unveiled a new management. Their goal was to dethrone Sony as the biggest electronics consumers brand. Samsung wanted all its products to pass the Wow test. The interbrand list class-conscious Samsung in 2012 at the 19th place However the 2012 list ranked Samsung on the 9th place. A quote from the interbrand website is Samsung is one of the biggest successes of 2012, marked by a meteoric 40% rise in brand value. Samsung reached its goal to become more famous then Sony, with Sony staying 30 places behind Samsung. Samsung has plans to go further in developping mobile devices which can connect to home devices. Samsung Technological History Key person Lee Kun-hee From Copycat Brand to Product Leader Hiring of new designers saucy products-bold beautiful sleek swishLifestyle works of art=New interpr etation of electronic use Strategy Change of strategy =Expensive and stylish =product Is Samsungs product development processcustomer- center? Team-based? Systematic? Samsungs product development process is team based. They develop a lot of products at the same time. All the products are developed by specialized teams of designers who make the product from start to finish. However they have combined their approach with the customer centered approach to gain a competitive edge by getting new products to the market faster. This is probably why BusinessWeek places them higher on their list of around innovative companys every year. Samsungstechnological History New management New goal Change of target groupHigh-end user High investigationsCustomer-centered Completely new products Made to solve costumers problems Wow effectTeam based 1 team of designers/developers from start to finish A wee bit late on the market but with better quality than competitors High qualitySystematic Collects ideas from customers, employees etc. Innovative products. Small selection out of many ideas Product Life Cycle and challenges for Samsung Short PLC Freshest innovations Must be faster and better than the rest Stay focused on the needs, wants & demands of the customer Questions? will samsung likely achieve its goals in markets where it does not dominate such as smartphones?

The Real Tragedy of Oedipus the King Is That of All Humanity

the real calamity of oedipus is that of all humanity we cannot escape our destiny. The greatest tragedy of Oedipus is that as human we cannot escape our destiny. This is shown in the play, Oedipus the king by Sophocles. The main character, Oedipus is caught in the problem of fate and destiny. Oedipus, as the king is in a position of power. In this position he becomes quite an superior and proud of himself, this becomes a tragic flaw. Ironically, many years before the play is set, Oedipus tries to escape his fate.It is wry because in doing this he ends up path hearty towards it. The play is made to make us understand that as humans we are powerless against death, and it is true that we are born to die. Firstly, in the play it is ironic that Oedipus tries to run onward from his destiny hardly ends up running straight towards it. When he is younger he hears from a oracle that he is doomed to vote out is father and marry his mother. Thinking that the oracle is referring to Polyb us and Merope he flees towards Thebes to try to escape his destiny.It is ironic that while fleeing what he believes is his fate, he runs straight toward it. On page 205 Oedipus quotes the oracle saying, you are fated to couple with your mother, you allow bring a breed of children into the light no man can bear to see- you will kill your father, the one who gave you life Oedipus then says, I heard all that and ran. I abandoned Corinth, from that day I gauged its landfall however by the stars, running, always running toward some quad where I would never see the shame of all those oracle come true. This quote perfectly captures the idea of Oedipus not running away from his fate but straight towards it. The audience experiences dramatic irony in this scene as they know something that the characters do not. In the play, this is a point of mimesis for the characters, but also the audience, when they realise that Oedipus made a great fault, in running from Corinth. The repetitive idea of Oedipus running from where he believes is a cursed place for him, to the place where the tragedy will unravel with paucity, is evocative and makes our pathos toward Oedipus greater.The ironic idea of Oedipus running towards his fate rather than away, proves the point that as humans our greatest tragedy is the fact that we cannot escape our destiny. Secondly, as humans we are very proud and do not like to be taken down from the pedestal we present ourselves on. This is true also for Oedipus, where his hubris or his pride, forbids him from believing that he is the one responsible for the plague. In this way his hubris becomes his hamartia and he cannot believe it is his fault until the moment of learning a couple of pages later.An example of Oedipus showing his hubris is when Tiresias reveals that he is the murder and Oedipus replies with a threat, that obscenity, twice, by god, youll pay. Oedipus pride gets in the way of him acknowledging that he is not only the protagonist but also the antagonist. He is unable to recognize the truth in Tiresias words. This is once again dramatic irony to the audience in which they are aware of Oedipus guiltiness, but he is not. Another example of his pride getting in the way, is when instead of accepting the blame he decides that Creon has planned his downfall, in a way to throw him off his throne.Oedipus says, Creon Is this his conspiracy or yours? , to which Tiresias replies, Creon is not your downfall, no, you are your own. Even after both of these occurrences, Oedipus hubris stops him from realising the facts. This is another reason for the fact that as humans we are unable to escape our destiny, because of the pride and superiority that we hold for ourselves In conclusion, it is true that as humans we are unable to escape our destiny.This is shown in Sophocles famous play, Oedipus the King. First of all because even though Oedipus tries to outrun his fate, he ends up running straight towards it. This is shown from t he way he flees Corinth from his supposed parents to Thebes where his biologic parents are. It is also shown in humans pride and arrogance that we hold ourselves to. This is shown in Oedipus through his ignorance to the facts. From this we are able to see that we cannot escape destiny as humans.

Slavery has been in the United States early as 1619

Slavery has been in the get together States untimely as 1619. Slaves were brought to America for one thing and one thing only, money. Tobacco took a groovy add up of work to harvest, but with the slaves help it all got completed. Slaves cost at least three more clock than a regular servant for the reason that thrall was their life, it was their job. Regular servants finished their slavery time in about 4 years. Slavery really got across the whole country as time passed, and in 1670 the crop, tobacco, took over the nation.In fact, slavery didnt really come into play in the laws until the 1660s. In the early 1680s Virginia wanted to alter what a slave was, in the first place defined by the House of Burgess. The Europeans saw African Americans as human beings, but their actions towards them did not say the same. Slaves that used to be put to work turn on the ships did not appreciate it at all. Almost 15% of the slaves on the ship die on their way to a destination due to no food or by just being sick. The ship was so small sometimes that the slaves had to be on top of each other.The owners of the ships tried to travel as many slaves on the ships as possible so when they got to their destination they would sell the excess slaves. Since Africa had so many in it, that was the usual tar repulse to get slaves and bring them back to the land. By the early 1700s African Americans took over one fifth of the population in America. With the large number of slaves being introduced into the colonies they had a great impact on the economy and in reshaping the population as a whole. The Africans brought their expertise of travel, planting and hunting to the new world.The African dugout canoe became the oral sex means of transportation in the colonies. This expertise from the Africans contributed greatly to the prosperity of South Carolina. Many slaves had their own gardens that they could tend to when they were not working. On Sun mean solar days slave holders usually gave the slaves the day off as the day of the Sabbath. It was on this day most slaves would tend to their garden, hunt, or fish. The slaves who were experienced could often complete their tasks in the early afternoon.With the growing evaluate of slavery, many slaves contemplated the idea of running away to try and gain their abandondom. In 1693 Florida, which at that point was still part of Spain, granted the runaways that freedom stating if the runaways would convert to universality they would be granted freedom. Since South Carolina was so close to Florida many slaves ran away and took advantage of this offer. In 1708 enslaved Indians composed as much as fourteen per centum of South Carolinas population. Why not more? Why did the colonists need to bring Africans over to the Americas when so many Indians already here?Indians posed a difficulty. Indians by and large remained free because they resisted and were difficult to control. Indians who were slaves were able to escape and not be caught, for unlike the Africans and the landowners, Indians could escape into the countryside, which they new intimately. Slavery was brutal whipping occurred much and usually occurred in a public setting as an example to others. The work was backbreaking and conditions were not less than ideal. In 1712 the blacks had a rebellion in New York City, which lasted only one evening.But in 1739 in South Carolina the Stono Rebellion lasted several days. In both incidents many blacks lost their lives. The hopes of setting captured blacks free didnt happen. In 1731 a law was put on the books prohibiting Africans from owning or possessing a gun and also fined owners for letting slaves wander at night alone. caterpillar tread away, work resistance and revolution became the most common form of African resistance to slavery and helped to build a bond in the community as a whole. Slavery in the early colonies turned from Africans being able to earn their freedom to being treated brutally .Without the expertise from the Africans, the early American colonies would not have flourished as they did. Escaping slavery the central form of labor both in the North and the South for several centuries became the main aim for the African Americans of the time. Later, with the times of the Revolution the concept of the full citizenship was born in the minds of those who fought for freedom. The first goal the abolishment of slavery was officially ratified in 1863, while the second the granting of the citizenship was put down only five years later.In reality, the maintain for the real freedom and equality had just begun. The end of Reconstruction in 1877 signified the return to the variety and racial prejudice, making basis for the later emergence of the Civil Rights Movement that signified further notion of freedom for the African Americans. The fight for slavery abolition resulted in the emancipation of the huge portion of the American inhabitants and the change of atti tude to humans that are all born free and equal, according to the elementary principles of the U.S. Constitution. The abolition of slavery was a dream for the African Americans that were brought to the America as slaves or born into it for many generations. Slavery in the United States was coerce by enormous economic challenges, backed by country official legislation and the connivance of the church. The United States were destined to realize the meaning and the price of freedom for the most part due to the African Americans active fight for their basic human and civil rights.Thousands of people were depleted of their basic freedoms and dignity due to the difference in dissimulation and status. The change of this status that officially began in the late nineteenth century, lead not only to the transformation of the perception of the equality and freedom of the African Americans it has forced a change in attitude to womens rights, leading to women suffrage and further emancipati on, making strong basis for the further acknowledgement of gender, racial, disability and internal orientation equalities.Ever since the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude1, the African Americans fight for the rights gave a chance to the real, unconditional freedom in the land of the free. This goal lead to further development of the civil rights movement, resulting in the acknowledgement of the document that would enable more equality despite gender, race, color, disability or religious belief.The Civil Rights Act of 1964 that extended voting rights and outlawed racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and in public accommodations, was another conquest of the African American ancestors that fought for freedom back in the nineteenth century. It would be wrong t o claim the fight for the equality is over, because even almost half a century later, practical issues of discrimination remain, although these cases are incomparably fewer than back into the times of the formation of the United States.The civil rights movement achieved impressive results in the fight for equality and it is important to study the African American History as it apparently constituted an impressive part of the history of the United States, starting from the early colonial days to the current events. The African American History has also formed the basic principles of the human coexistence within the country, creating the key laws on human rights and freedoms of the United States of America, which will surely determine the future of the nation.

Sparate Peace

In the novel Separate Peace, John Knowles rehearses both plus and nix scenes throughout the novel. John Knowles does this to show how the saddle horse can affect the characters and the events that atomic number 18 being taken throughout the novel. Knowles introduces right away that there are two giving scenes, the summer session and the winter session, both playing big roles in the storys plot and theme.The summer session would represent peace and the winter session would represent the distress brought on by introduction War II, the shift betwixt them clearly confirms that Knowles intended to show how completely and abruptly the war overtook the peace at the summer session. Knowles uses the summer session view to symbolize peace.Knowles uses the positive setting described in this quote to reveal the importance of the setting They (elms) too seemed permanent and never changing, an untouched, unr to each oneable world mellow in space, similar the ornamental towers and spires of a great church, too high to be enjoyed, too high for anything, great and remote and never useful. Knowles describes the setting like this to create a peaceful two-baser representing the summer session as a time of peace.This also brings a vividly peaceful image to mind further connecting the concepts of summer and peace together which is later conquered by the war elements of winter. Knowles uses the winter session setting to symbolize the distress of the war. Knowles uses this as the disconfirming setting in the novel. In this quote, he describes the importance of the setting Not long afterward, early even for New Hampshire, snow cameThey gathered there, thicker by the minute, like noiseless invaders conquering because they took possession so gently.I watched them whirl by my window-dont take this seriously, the playful way they fell seemed to imply, this little show, this harmless trick. Knowles uses manner of speaking such as invaders and conquering to connect this image t o the war zone. This shows Knowles elements of the war and how it overtook the peace present and the Devon School. Knowles also writes that these elements of winter conquered the life of nature which had previously been a symbol of summer.This strengthens his intent of highlighting how the war element of winter took over the peace of summer. The change between the previous positive setting of summer and the ban setting of winter represents the effect the war had on the peace at the Devon School. The time that Finny and Gene spend at the beach represents the peak of the summer. However, overnight it is followed by this description of the ocean The Ocean looked dead too, dead waves assibilation mordantly along the beach, which was gray and dead looking itself.Here Knowles uses words such as dead, hissing, and grey, which have a negative meaning, to create a powerful negative setting scene in the novel. This causes an unexpected contrast between negative and positive settings. This p iercing contrast between the beach and a dead ocean, which meets the beach at the shore with the hissing of dead waves, foreshadows the sharp contrast between the peace of summer and the distress of winter that meets the summer of Finnys fall.This event is the symbolic fall of peace to the distress of war. Knowles cements this fact with stating the setting of the situation righteous before his fall, claiming that From behind us the last long rays of light played across the campus, accenting every slight undulation of the land, emphasizing the separateness of each bush. The last long rays of light show the end of summer because the end of the long days marks the beginning of autumn season out-of-pocket to daylight savings time.Since the summer session represents peace and the winter session represents distress, this shows that Finnys fall from the tree marks the fall of peace to distress. John Knowles use of setting scenes strengthens his idea in the novel of the peace at Devon sch ool being overtaken by the elements of World War II. This is done by the addition of positive settings of summer which represent the peace at the school and winter, which represents the invasion of the war and the piercing contrast between these two types of settings at certain scenes throughout the novel.

Global Organization Management in the Year 2000

Technological advances at the end of the 20th century have allowed companies to orbiculateize, facilitating the sale of their goods and services in overseas markets. Communications, em magnatement, and learning go forthing be the three greatest deciding factors in the success of these new multinational pixilateds. To be to a greater extent successful in business in the global environment, it will be necessary to expand to the global market. An increase in production, sales and profits are some of the compelling reasons why most companies will interrogation to go beyond the limited sphere of strictly selling to US consumers.But as companies in the year 2000 and beyond will surely observe out, it isnt al slip course easy to manage an makeup when the ex sprocket wheelitate force and focussing team ups are thousands of miles and an ocean away. Consequently, at that place are a few strategies that dissolve ensure the success of a business located in the global market. F irst of all, the 1990s have already taught us that people are proud to work for companies that treat them well. They become linked to companies in more than an employer/employee relationship they come to know as if they are truly a part of an organization non just one of the employees.In the year 2000 and beyond, it shall be the presence of this feeling more than any other that nonpluss excellent companies apart from the ordinary, and therefore less successful. Companies which are expanding to the global market will need to make all the despotic contributing employees feel more than just workers. One thing that employees in the prox will more than ever ask themselves continually is how ad hominemly beneficial or detrimental their work environment is to there wn offbeat.By establishing a research study to investigate the psychological climate of the overseas workplace, several important factors can be established which will help in the effective centering of the global fir m. More than ever before, employees in the global will show a genuine appreciation for fairness within their workplace, as well as some amount of recognition for a job well done. This is especially important when the parent association is located in a nonher country.The prevailing posture may be that the new organization isnt as important to company success, simply because the head of the organization isnt a daily, or unconstipated monthly, presence at the workplace. By recognizing the achievements of foreign employees, employers will ensure that their global family feels appreciated and part of the team, which in turn will create an atmosphere where the employees command pride in their work, and feel as if they are an integral part of the entire production process.There may also be problems with job stress, or harmony within the work group (possibly a lack of warmth and friendliness which does not provide a pleasant working environment). All these potential drop problems are pa rt of the psychological climate within a workplace already, and will need to be addressed as part of an effective management program of a global organization in the future. Every day, employees will form a perception of how their organization values them in their contributions. It is important that these global employees feel that the organization cares about their well-being and is willing to fairly reward their loyalty or effort.How the global employees will perceive this support from the parent organization is important to them as they try to catch their authority in the production process. Maslow (1954) argued a hierarchy system of human involve. The hierarchical needs are frigid from the bottom to the top. The bottom is physical needs next is safety and security needs third is social needs forth is self-esteem and fifth is self- actualization. Maslows possibleness suggests that an one-on-ones motivational needs aspire to the next level once the lower level needs have been achieved.The global firm must address the needs of the foreign and expatriate worker, to detainment their commitment to the organization. The individual wants money not just to live on but also acquires some degree of mortalal satisfaction from earning it. Money will be used for housing, foods, and health care, for himself and his family. Receiving an increase in salary will contribute to the individuals status and self-worth, both of which are place needs that require satisfaction. The overlap areas in the motivation model suggest that the Maslows needs are satisfied simultaneously.There are three overlapping areas in the model, an overlapping of individual needs and external influences, an overlapping of individual needs and business, and an overlapping of individual needs, external influences, and business. The first area includes the physical needs, the safety and security. The foster area includes the social needs. The last area includes self-actualization and self- estee m because the two needs are satisfied when the three factors are met. Furthermore, a size of each overlapping area can explain managements attempt to satisfy the degree of employees needs.The global firm must attempt to satisfy the needs of all the workers, not lone(prenominal) in monetary terms, but also in fulfillment of self worth. All the workers should not just feel as if they are a cog in the machine, but part of the whole process. The expectancy theory presented by Vroom (1964), is a frame work for our ideal global firm to operate within. We assume performance, reward, and satisfaction are interconnected. The theory suggests that an increase in effort leads to increasing performance and then proper rewards with satisfaction help keep the relationships.The factor not taken into account is the relationship surrounded by a person and external influences. The relationship between performance and rewards relates to the interaction between individual needs and business. Our globa l firm will provide a systematic rewards process which meet the individual needs as performance occurs. The size of the overlapping area of individual needs and business can illustrate the degree of matching individual needs and the respective rewards. Our eventual long term inclination is to increase long term commitment to the firm.If workers meet goals, and targets they will be rewards. The global firm does not want to lose good workers. It is hard tolerable to maintain a domestic workforce, finding and maintaining a global workforce is an immensely large task. Employee perceptions of the global organization organizations support will strongly influence their commitment to the organization. When they see the organization as being supportive of employee efforts, this also affects and influences their attitudes and behaviors.How employees perceive support from the organization is directly influenced by positive feedback from the organization. As in allday life, praise and approv al for a job well done is the best way to let people know they are appreciated. This is very important in global management to increase employee morale. This positive feedback lets the employee know that the organization recognizes and values the contribution of their global employees a key subject in all forms of support.The 21st century organization will find it helpful to take monthly surveys of the global employees in which to get their assessment of the employee-organization relationship, and if they feel there is positive feedback or communication occurring within the organization. When an employee feels that the managements actions and policies submit employees are easily replaced, he or she may feel well-being within the workplace, and be less likely to identify with the organization.It is important for global employees to feel as if they play just as much of an important role within the organization as does the core group of employees in the home base organization. If a n employee perceives top management communicates consistently and in several different ways that employees are valued, he or she may feel increased well-being and report a stronger identification with the organization, which would result in better performance and a company loyalty. ). Concern and caring for employees can be communicated through statements sent to the foreign workplace from organization.Loyalty to the company can be reinforced by publicly recognizing employee achievements in company newsletters. Organizations can also communicate their support of their foreign production team by providing tangible benefits, such as child-care facilities or flexible work arrangements. This allows employees reducing un accreditedty about their jobs through job training or information about what would happen if the company had to layoff a certain number of employees. Overseas production teams will assume responsibility in the event of profit or losses. The global team would be the fir st to be cut.Knowing ahead of cartridge holder that there is an established plan for handling such a possibility will go a long way in increasing employee feelings of well-being and loyalty to the company. Ambiguous policies, on the other hand, only serve to promote uncertainty among global employees. It is also important to understand how organizational events are interpreted by employees, which can lead to increased understanding of the organization and reform the employee/employer relationship. Organizations of the future allowing global teams to be part of the decision-making policies and practices will generally have more supportive organizational climates.This shall show the foreign production team to feel they are part of the entire organization and not that the parent organization is deciding for them on work practices and policies, which dont directly affect the organization as much as they would affect the foreign team. Allowing the global team into the decision-making p rocess will signify managements respect for them as an important part of the entire organization. Positive evaluations of employee value and their decision-making abilities are also important.Participation in decision making is related to increased motivation and increases in employee attitude toward commitment to the organization. One of todays biggest buzzwords is Teams. Most companies are careen toward a team concept. One way to enforce teams is by empowering employees. Many companies striving to edge their competition are turning to the empower employee teams initiative. The difference between a group and a team must be understood. A group is two or more people who interact to achieve their goals. In contrast a team is a group in which members work together intensively to achieve a common goal.Therefore the fact that there is no camaraderie in the groups is not only because of the lack of proper interaction and understanding but also because of the fact that workers are not practised enough to realize the importance of working in groups. The difference between groups and teams Groups work individually to achieve a common goal, or target. Teams work and communicate together to achieve common goals. The global organization must achieve form teams, and not groups. The global empowered teams will be part of a much larger global composition of teams that will form the companies network.In the global organization empowered teams will make the difference between the company being a multinational that meets the regional demands, or an international corporation. Regional needs will be satisfied because the teams distributed throughout the world will be responsive to the needs of the customer. The ultimate goal of the corporation is to market itself globally, but act locally. (Stein, 1999) Most businesses want to achieve total customer satisfaction by anticipating and solving a problem before it occurs. Thus a new kind of team has emerged with the goal of insur ing customer satisfaction from the start.In the global environment empowered teams will be able to react regionally to the needs and wants of the consumer. Empowered teams are built with empowered people whom have the authority and shore leave to make significant changes within the organization. The global teams will consist of several members from different functions. Instead of one individual making decisions, the group or team makes decisions collectively with the middle manager position eliminated or acting as the coach. The use of these empowered regional teams is to solve problems, lower costs, increase quality, and ultimately improve customer satisfaction.The global team will understand the national culture of each individual country it operate in. They will identify that particular set of economic, political, and social values that exist in that nation. Throwing people together does not always mean they should be called a team. They must first be make up of the right people who understand and can define a task. The strength of the team depends on proper training, timing, and communication. Before a regional empowered team is created, the goal of the company and mission of the team must be defined.The top management must identify how much of empowerment is needed, and recruit the best people to work on the problem. For a team to work successfully it should ideally be comprised from a diversified workforce. The diversification will facilitate more ideas and openness with the team. An article in the Wall Street Journal mentioned Honda, Motorola, and General Electric as examples of companies who form diversified empowered teams. Honda repulse company for example, attempts to compose it each of teams from a minimum of three different countries.This allows Honda to incorporate regional needs, and use other non regional concepts. Recruiting the right people, and insuring they represent the cross-sectional of disciplines and regional diversity is very impor tant. One person missing out of this formula can ruin a team. Within every team, a cross-functioning method must be used for the team to be successful. If one of the team members is hard to get along with, they still can be beneficial to the team. Everyones input is important, the output of the team is greater than any individuals output. A strong facilitator is also needed on the team.The facilitator guides rather than leads. Usually middle management, this person is set equal to the other members of the team. The facilitator must recognize and understand each members participation, as well as, coordinate the reporting progress. In order for team to be successful, senior management must be committed to recognize the team should be put in charge. This is done only when senior management defines a specific goal for the team to strive for. Too much management can kill a team. The team might spend more time on reporting the progress than the task that needs to be completed.Middle manag ement is the biggest obstacle for teams. To be successful, middle management must surrender its power and let the team empower themselves. Setting time limits are also important to the team success. Never let a team go beyond six months, everyday should be treated as an important day. Training is also important for team to succeed. Everyone in the organization, including all suppliers must work together to improve customer satisfaction. Outside vendors should be reminded that increased sales by the corporation will lead to increased revenue for them.

Proverbs in Things Fall Apart

Proverbs argon wise sayings that address the heart of the discourse in any given context, truthfully and objectively. In Africa and in Nigerian cultures particularly, they are considered the reliable horses, which convey meanings to their destinations or hearts of the listeners. This study investigates aspects of the meaning of power saws in the work of a Nigerian author, Achebes Things square up Apart. It is contended that meanings of Nigerian axioms can be worked out within the se troopstic, referential, ideational, stimulus-response, realist and contextual theories.Types of meaning and truisms are addressed and situated within the two works. It is advanced that sayings play epochal roles in clarifying, exemplifying, underscoring and influencing communication . With the broadly analyzed maxims, the study attempts to further demonstrate the vitality of semantics and pragmatics in negotiating meaning especially in a second manner of speaking context. Proverbs are common feat ures of conversational eloquence in many African cultures, especially in Nigeria.Such wise sayings are usually acquired and learnt from listening to the elders talk. precondition the vintage position that the elders occupy in various African traditions as the military personnel repository of communal or primordial wisdom, they are the masters of eloquence, grandiloquence and meaning. They are the onenesss who know how to impregnate short expressions with vast meanings, implicating the proverb, it is the elders mouth that determines a ripe kola nut. Several definitions of the term proverb abound in literature.The central idea in the definitions is that a proverb is an adage, saying, maxim, precept, saw or any synonym of such that expresses conventional truth. From Things get down Apart The sun will shine on those who stand before it shines on those who kneel under them p. 6 Theory denotative Type denotive/Connotative Analysis The proverb makes summons to a cosmic body, the sun , with a view to evoking its moxie that those who strive and work (by remaining standing) will benefit from the reaping of their work before those who depend on them (by kneeling or deriving succor from them).While the inference of discouraging dependency can be made, the cognitive content is mainly that those who do not face the challenges of life and work assiduously defying sunshine should satisfy themselves with the crumbs that fall from the table of the hardworking ones. The proverb discourages laziness and implies the fatality for everyone to be hard-working. If a child washed his hands, he could eat with kings. p. 6 Theory Realist Types Denotative, thematic Analysis The proverb portrays the honor and dignity attributed to cleanliness and responsibility.It thematizes hands washing, a ethical character training and hygienic way of eating as a sine qua non to honor. We infer that if a person does the right thing at the right time, as the proverb entails good fortune, honor , reverence, esteem and credit will be his, just like eating together with kings. The pragmatic understanding of how unfeignedly high the Nigerians rate their traditional rulers provides a further clue to the semantic import of the proverb. 3 When the moon is shining, the cripple becomes hungry for a walk. p. 9.Theory Referential Types Collocative, stylistic Analysis Reference is made to an different cosmic body, the moon, in this proverb, as shining collocates with the moon and cripple collocates metaphorically with walk. The sense of the proverb lies in the cause- solvent theory that if motivation is given, action arises. In essence, night is conventionally taken as a period of rest but in a situation where there is moon-light, not only the able-bodied feels the need to walk or work in the night but even the cripple does.wickedness is implied and not stated for rhetorical purposes while hungry, a marked word that ordinarily does not apply to walk, is also used for stylistic effe ct. The underlining message is that a good cause or motivation occasions a good effect or line of action. 4 A man who pays respect to the great paves the way for his own greatness p. 14. Theory Stimulus-Response Types Denotative, Affective. Analysis There is a tact advice almost coinciding with the English proverb, one good turn deserves another here. If a person accords honor or reverence to the successful ones, it is likely that he is also going to be successful.In other words, the sense of the proverb is that a person who helps another man helps himself indirectly as he gets familiar with what that man engages in and this will ultimately die hard him also to greatness, directly or indirectly. 5 A toad does not slope in the twenty-four hour periodtime for nothing. 15 Theory Ideational Types Denotative/Stylistic Analysis The proverb tasks our mental conception or general knowledge of the toad as a nocturnal fauna. If such an animal wherefore does run (a lexical item preferred by the author for metaphorical or stylistic effect, against the normal collocative word, jump) in the day, there must be something amiss.The sense of the proverb is that there is a cause for anything strange that happens there must be a reason, at least no smoke without fire. A toad running in daytime is probably pursuing something or certainly something is pursuing it. It has to do with the cause-effect relationship. An old woman is invariably uneasy when run dry bones are mentioned in a proverb. p. 15 Theory Stimulus Response Types Denotative/Thematic Analysis This proverb also exhibits causes-effect relationship as it thematises the old woman. It means that the great unwashed who have negative features feel disturbed when such features are being highlighted.There is the effect or response of qualm with reference to the dry bones because an old woman whose dry bones are signs of impending death is always scared of death. The sense of the proverb, essentially, is that conscien ce worries batch of negative attributes even when they are not addressed but their excesses (so to say) are being condemned. The lizard that jumped from the high Iroko tree to the ground said he would appraise himself if no one else did. p. 16. Theory Referential Types Denotative/Connotative Analysis The proverb elicits the self-contentment and joy of good work.A good work, we can infer, is itself commendable whether people appreciate it or not. Reference is made to the lizard which nods after any activity it engages in, implicating its self-praise. The animal is personified for poetic effect. The English equivalent of if you dont about-face your trumpet, nobody will blow it for you may further illustrate the sense of the proverb that if you do not appreciate your deserving and dignify yourself, people may not bother to do it for you. Eneke the bird says since men have learnt to shoot without missing, he has learnt to fly without perching. . 16. Theory Referential Types Denota tive/Connotative Analysis comparable the previous proverb, this proverb derives its message from folklore, in which human attributes are given to animals/non-human creatures. The meaning is both literal and figurative as well as multi-dimensional in scope. Changing situations give birth to innovations. If students, for example, develop novel means of cheating in the examinations, referentially, the authorities also devise ipso facto, new strategies of apprehending or detecting the cheats. When a man says yes, his Chi says yes also. p. 9 Theory Ideational Types Denotative/Connotative. Analysis The proverb aptly sums up the essence of determination and strong will, within ones psychological context. Reference to chi, a persons personal god in Igbo culture, is of connotative import. The message interpreted is that man must always take decisive decisions for himself and resolve to do whatever he tasks himself to do for that will always be the will of his supposed god. A assertable En glish equivalent is that heavens help those who help themselves, and as such, man should always be responsible for all his actions.A chick that will surface into a cock can be spotted the very day it hatches. p. 46 Theory Realist Types Denotative/Connotative. Analysis The proverb explores the logical sequence of things/ phenomena that a general analysis can be made from specific traits. In the real world, from the initial stage, from countenance and appearance, one is able to identify the good, the bad and the ugly. The reference to the chick in our psyche is illustrative the chick that will not live long will probably look frail and sickly, right from the day it is hatched.Our actions, at particular times, are indices of our character, the proverb tells us. A childs finger is not scalded by a piece of hot yam which its start out puts into its palm. p. 47 Theory Contextual Types Denotive/Collocative Analysis Given the contextual/pragmatic knowledge of a mothers love for her child especially in the Nigerian cultures, it is implied that whatever she does, even if such superficially appears harmful, will be of benefit to the child. This is because it is presupposed that nobody loves a child better than his/her mother.Thus, the sense of the proverb, which for effect parades child/mother, finger/palm, a piece of hot yam etc collocates, is that love bears no harm. If there is love, there is no need for backlog in taking a beloveds piece of advice, whether one considers it good or not, because a beloved person will not barrack a harmful antidote for whom he loves. 12 If one finger brought oil, it soiled the others. p. 87. Theory Ideational Types Denotative/Connotative/StylisticAnalysis The proverb underlines the concept of collective responsibility what one does implicates the involvement of the others. With tact reference to our knowledge or ideas of the world, if a finger is dipped into the oil, other fingers get smeared on base since they are together. In oth er words, a shameful act by a person brings shame, odium and opprobrium to him and by extension, to his family and community. Stylistic considerations impinge on the choice of brought and soiled from the existing alternatives which could further communicate the same idea.A child cannot pay for its mothers milk. p. 117 Theory Realist Types Connotative/Collocative. Analysis This proverb anchors an axiomatic fact certain things are unquantifiable or priceless. No matter how much the child gives the mother later in life, such is not worth her milk, given the child at infancy. By extension, kindness, love (and such virtues) cannot be fully reciprocated, as they are inestimably valuable. Collocates like child, mother, milk enhance the sense of the meaning. An animal rubs its aching flank against a tree, a man asks his kinsman to scratch him p. 17. Theory Realist/Stimulus-Response Types Connotative/Stylistic. Analysis By drawing our attention to the real world of human-animal behavioural patterns, the proverb draws a line between a human being and an animal. The proverb is suggestive of the social nature of man, and the fact that no man is an Island. The proverb suggests that it is love that distinguishes men from animals. People who do not seek their fellow human beings help when in danger or difficulty are therefore animalistic.Marked word patterns like aching, flank, kinsman, rubs, scratch, that one would ordinarily prefer other words for, are used for stylistic purposes, engendering the connotative, figurative sense. Living fire begets cold, ineffective ash. p. 118 Theory Ideational Types Connotative/Stylistic Analysis The sense engendered by this epigrammatic statement is the vanity of arrogance. By creating the symbol/idea of fire in our mind, we are implicitly told that fire flares up in pride but its consequence is cold, impotent ash.The connotative meanings of cold and impotent are quite essential and their stylistic association with ash lends credence to the force of the meaning. Both fire and ash conjure in us human qualities the fire gives birth to a cold and impotent child in ash. The sense of the proverb or its message is that people should be good and level-headed when they are opportune (to be in a position) or alive for, when they lose such position and die, they become useless and unwanted subsequently becoming objects of overt disdain.

Jim Hawkins: A Young Pirate Essay

Stories about pirates are slightly of the interesting and clever stories to tell such as the value Island. It is a classic allegory about a young pirate, written by Robert Louis Stevenson and published in 1883. It tells about the young boy, Jim Hawkins, who turned into a pirate with his clustering searching for the treasure ( comfort Island). Robert Louis Stevenson was a famous Scottish author of travel and adventure books, precisely he also wrote fiction stories, essays and poems (Robert Louis Stevenson). He pursued engineering first followed by police however his interest was never in either of those.He was fond of reading and travelled many places before he became a famous author (Treasure Island About the compose). The story about Treasure Island is narrated by Jim Hawkins. He tells the story based from his observations, feelings, perceptions, and on how he responds to the people and events just about him. He became easily involved in the pirate game and treasure huntin g since his family owned the Admiral Benbow inn. There stayed Billy Bones, the captain who has the map of the treasure that master key flinty buried. police chief Flint is already dead however the men who worked for him are still alive and searching for his buried treasure (Treasure Island genius Profiles). The first pirate that Jim met is Billy Bones who stayed at their inn. Bones is a ragged, scarred, and drunkard pirate who always sing a pirate song but he was kind with Jim. He always asks Jim to look out for any seafaring men along the shore which Jim thought that the man only indigences some(prenominal) company. but, it turned out that the man is eager to avoid the other seafaring men especially the seafaring man with one leg (Treasure Island). angiotensin-converting enzyme day, another pirate named Black Dog, a companion of Billy Bones, came to Jim and asked for the whereabouts of Billy Bones. Both pirates wrestle until Bones is greatly injured. However, a blind pirate n amed church bench came with horsemen to Bones and delivered the black spot. later Bones died, Jim snatched a key and an oilskin packet from Bones. He and his come left immediately and went to the next settlement. The village people, however, are not willing to help them and the two hide under the bridge. The men continuously searched for the Flints fist but they could not run across it.They escaped leaving Pew behind while the horses of the revenue officers from the village trampled him to death (Nelson). Jim and his mother stayed with Dr. Livesey and Squire Trelawney where the escort analyzed the packet that Jim got from Billy Bones. The squire said that it is the account book of the black-hearted hound. After studying the rest of the oilskin packet, they rear a map of Captain John Flints Treasure Island. Trelawney became eager to find the treasure and planned the rest of the voyage including the finances.He secured on of the best ships in England, the Hispaniola, and hired s everal(prenominal) men including a one-legged seafaring man named Long John Silver and a group of sailors. Jim unexpectedly became part of the instant adventure (Nelson). Long John Silver was truly much liked by Jim and the squire because of his performance as the ships cook. At the begin of their journey, he is friendly and helpful to the rest of the combination however he is as notorious as Captain Flint who is concerned only about the money he can get (Treasure Island Char hazarder Profiles).Jim, while hiding in an apple barrel, accidentally overhears Silver, Israel Hand, and Dick talking about their plan of overtaking the ship once they get the treasure. After getting on land, Captain Smollet together with his men fought with Silver and the pirates. Jim and his group escaped together with Ben Gunn, one of the original members of Captain Flints crew who was abandoned in the Treasure Island three years ago. Jim together with his group is lead to Gunns secret cave where he reloc ated Captain Flints treasure.In spite of Silvers plan, Jim, Trelawney, Dr. Livesey, Gunn and the rest of the group are able to retrieve the treasure and haul it to Hispaniola and return to England (Treasure Island). Treasure Island is an exciting book inspired by adventures of notorious pirates. During the early 1700s, thousands of pirates wander along different seas in the world who plundered ships and private vessels for coins and precious metals that were possible hidden in small islands. This perhaps is one of the sources of Stevensons pirate stories.However, most of the pirates began in their early twenties until they age fifty or so, some crippled, blind, or dead. Young pirates were also common, but there were no enough records to prove that teenagers became fierce pirates. Young pirates like Jim Hawkins is like a dream stick to unbent for kids who always dream of sailing and travelling and someday finding a treasure (Treasure Island). In the early 18th century, there was a story about a young boy who joined a group of buccaneers. The story was based from the records of Captain Black Sam Bellamy.In 1716, Captain Bellamys ship Marianne attacked Bonetta, a ship travelling from Antigua to Jamaica. Some of Bonettas crew joined the pirates. John King, a kid travelling with his mother, also precious to join the group of buccaneers so bad that he even threatened to kill himself after the captain did not allow him. It was not clear wherefore John wanted to become a pirate, but there were speculations that maybe he was with a harsh parent or he does not want to go wherever they are going. Later, a kind a charismatic Captain Bellamy allowed John King to join the band (Krystek).In connection with the story of John King, a treasure hunter named Barry Clifford searched for the remains of Captain Bellamys boat Whydah that sunk along Cape Cod. He found a cannon, artifacts, and silver coins. The artifacts they found included a human leg bone, a stocking, and a shoe belonging to a tiny adult, as he said. However in 2006, after the bone was examined in The Center for Historical Archeology in Florida, they found out that the bone belonged to a child aged among eight and eleven years old. The tale of a John King, a little boy who turned into a young pirate indeed was true (Krystek).In the early chapter of Treasure Island, the story was established through the first person narrative of Jim Hawkins. Money is introduced as the major driving force of the characters actions. done Jims narration of events, greed and corruption are even more highlighted. As the number of pirates looking for the map increases, it pushes Jim into learning more about the treasure and acquiring the map. The first six chapters slowly unravel Jims transformation. He is now not controlled by Billy Jones and the other pirates and he chooses to stand with his mother and save her.He is beginning to take part into the action happening and acted like a triggerman (Nelson). In th e middle chapters, more terrible things happened which challenged how Jim would respond. Jim has witnessed several deaths including Billy Bones and Toms. However, his response to the death of Toms death is different from Billy Bones. He cried at Bones but not to Toms death where he just sat in silence. Upon arriving at the island after all the terrible things that he witnessed, Jim found a friend and a father figure whom he has gained trust (Nelson).At the later chapter, Jim is able to develop both physical and moral specialization after their triumph against the pirates. Jim is able to survive and gain enough guts to face Silver and his crew and help his crew. He has matured and does not act like a child in the middle of the events. Jim is a child and adult in deciding and justifying the things he did. He is now acting not just to save himself but also the rest of his crew after he stole and find a boat. He became the storys hero but not because of luck and fortune. Also, Jim does not forget how to be adventurous and try things despite failure.He never gives up although he is now zesty to wrong choices, these are justifiable by the arbitrary death that could happen anytime (Treasure Island Character Profiles). Throughout the story, Jim Hawkins character changed from a simple observer of the events around him into a character who became actively involved and became a certified pirate. Even though he is just a kid, he is able to help in uncovering the mutiny plan of Long John Silver and retrieve the treasure. He became a competent boy physically and beat Israel Hands.He has bountiful morally mature after choosing not to run away from Long John silver despite Dr. Livesey urging him to. Jim is a smart boy with heroism and good heart. Anyone reading the book could easily identity himself with Jim. Stevenson created it in such a way the reader could put his own imaginations in place of Jim. Jim Hawkins is an open, certain character who narrates the story by sa y what he sees and observed, but is close in telling his own feelings and thoughts about the other characters (Nelson). The transformation in Jims character was evident when he delivered a speech to the pirates.He is able to survive and save himself against the fierce pirates by offering deals that an adult would usually do. His braveness has developed from their journey, a courage that he does not have back to the inn. An interesting encounter between Jim and Long John Silver once prove Jims ability to stand up and fought for himself even though it is Silver, a notorious pirate, he is talking to (Nelson). Jim Hawkins justifies the thoughts and imagination of a teenager and later the beginning stage of maturity developed from the combination of different adversities.The story of Jim Hawkins and the Treasure Island is not as exciting as it is when summarized because there is no other of telling his story in such an engaging way except reading all the chapters.Works CitedKrystek, Le e. The Littlest Pirate. 2006. 5 May 2008. . Nelson, Britanny. Gradesaver Treasure Island Study require Character List. 2008. 5 May 2008. . Robert Louis Stevenson. 2008. Jalic Inc. 5 May 2008. . Treasure Island.Bibliomania. com Ltd. 5 May 2008. . Treasure Island. 2008. Wiley Publishing. 5 May 2008. . Treasure Island About the Author. 2008. Wiley Publishing. 5 May 2008. . Treasure Island Character Profiles. 2008. Novelguide. 5 May 2008. .

By any other name

The agnomen of Santha Rama Raus short story By Any Other Name refers to the character of Santha, who is a vanadium and half year old Indian girl, which experiences discrimination for the first time while attending an Anglo-Indian school during the time period in which the British ruled India. Her bemuse had always home-schooled both her and her sister, Premila. When her mother gets ill, because her father is an officer of the civil service, they can attend this Anglo-Indian school for free.Her mother never cherished to send them to a British school and this is shown when she says you can bury a dogs piece of tail for seven years, but it still comes out curly, you can a take a Britisher away from his home for a lifetime, and he still remains insular. She is expressing you can try to change someones cultural background, but it wont happen. She was also saying that the British wanted their own customs duty and were unable to accept or appreciate Indian customs.On Premila and Sa nthas first day at the late school, they were told by headmistress their names were too hard for her to pronounce. She gives them the new names of Pamela and Cynthia. Her sister is silent and does not resolve to this issuance, yet Santha says in a tiny voice she accepts the new name probably because she is scared to disagree. Santha believes when she is Cynthia, she does not have care about the day to day activities at school or her actions. The title By Any Other Name refers to Cynthia having to looseher identity and her cultural qualities to be at this school. This is supported by the event from the first day in class when she is asked what her name is and she replies she does not know. Even though she is actually young, she knows her and the other Indian children must sit in the back of the class, because they are different then the British children. Cynthia tries to make friends with some of the dozen other Indian children at school. One of the four Indian children in the ba ck of her class is the girl with braids.She notices immediately that even though the girl has the Indian jewelry, she wears a cotton plant dress like the other British to garment in. Also, when Cynthia goes to lunch she finds her sister and they eat traditional provender from their lunchbox. Her sister Pamela notices that e veryone else eats sandwiches like the British children. When they return home after their first day, Pamela requests they bring sandwiches. Pamela seems to be more at ease in trying to fit in at the school by changing their ways and their names to what is acceptable by the British school.Cynthia is definitely the character for which the title By Any Other Name is explaining. Cynthia is having a hard time dealing with the fact she is forced to go by another name. She must develop an alter ego to deal with this daily experience. She is also very aware of all the prejudices, which she is experiencing by observing children changing the way that they dress and wher e they have to sit in class. Also all Indian children have taken British names. She also notices you cannot become friends with the British children.That is only out of the question. On the first day she has to take a test, Pamela completely changes her attitude from trying to fit in. She asks why the Indian childrens desks must be separated, but the British children do not have to be kept apart. She is told that Indians cheat. She immediately tells her sister grab your pencils and lets go. They struggle through a ample walk and heat to return home. Santha is so relieved to be home with her mother and her maid. She is so gifted to leave the persona of Cynthia behind and become Santha again.

Relationship Between Civil Rights Movement & Feminist Agenda

In this Essay I will examine relationship between Civil Rights trend and how the womens liberationist agenda of second wave feminism. Furthermore, I will explain how women shaped the Civil Rights Movement, and excessively how they redefined their own feminism because of the ways in which they interacted with the movement. In 1952, the separate save equal laws were once once more challenged in the episode of brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The case was based on the segregation of educational facilities. The NAACP changed their focus from integrating higher educational facilities to integrated grade schools.After the change, the NAACP stepped in on this case and argued that segregated educational facilities were unequal, degrading to black students, and violated the fourteenth amendments guarantee for equal protection. On may 17, 1954, the unequivocal Court ruled that segregated schools were inherently unequal and did violate the fourteenth amendment. The deci sion of Plessy vs. Ferguson had last been overturned and public schools were to be integrated. Brown vs. the Board of Education was a victory for the blacks, however Confederate whites reacted to the courts decision with extreme racism.There were devil major reasons for the civil rights movement one was Impact of WWII and Brown vs. Board of Education. Females played dandy role in Civil rights movement. One sit-in involved Anne gloomy the author of Coming of Age in Mississippi. During this sit-in, whites at the lunch counter attacked Anne Moody and other activist, moreover they didnt give up until they were escorted out by the police. This is what happened on the evening of December l, 1955 pose took the tutor because she was olfactory sensation particularly tired after a long day at work.She was sitting in the midpoint section, glad to be off her feet at last, when a white man boarded the bus and demanded that her row be cleared because the white section was full. The othe rs in the row obediently moved to the back of the bus, but lay just didnt feel like standing for the rest of the journey, and she quietly refused to move. At this, the white bus driver threatened to call the police unless Parks gave her up her seat, but she refused to give up her seat and bus driver called the police and they arrested her. So this respectable, middle-aged woman was taken to the police station, where she was fingerprinted and jailed.She was allowed to make one call call. She called a NAACP lawyer, who arranged for her to be released on bail. Word of Parkss arrest spread quickly, and the Womens Political Council decided to quand so forth her treatment by organizing a boycott of the buses. Women designed bus boycott. Jo Ann Robinson who was College Professor who talked to her friend who was attorney to back up Mrs. Parks and also he helped to spread the news of bus boycott. The boycott was set for December 5, the day of Parkss trial, but Martin Luther King, Jr. nd other prominent members of Montgomerys black community realized that here was a chance to take a firm stand on segregation.As a result, the Montgomery usefulness Association was formed to organize a boycott that would continue until the bus segregation laws were changed. Leaflets were distributed telling community not to propel the buses, and other forms of transport were laid on. The boycott lasted 382 days, causing the Bus Company to withdraw a vast amount of money. Everyone played and tried their best to keep up with the boycott. They walked to work etc.One day this old lady who looked very tired and this white men saw her and offered her to ride in his car, she responded my feets is tired, but my soul is rested Meanwhile, Parks was fined for failing to obey a city ordinance, but on the advice of her lawyers she refused to pay the fine so that they could challenge the segregation law in court. The following year, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled the Montgomery segregation law i llegal, and the boycott was at last called off. Yet Parks had started far more than a bus boycott. Other cities followed Montgomerys example and were protesting their segregation laws.Also they did other acts much(prenominal) as The March on Washington, Martin Luther Kings speech. Mean reason they had many organiztion which were orgainized very well such as NAACP, SNCC, and also their success was because Non violent direct confrontation. They knew the consequences breaking the rules but they desire and commands were much more stronger. punt wave of feminism they want a right too This protest begin in 1950 and died in 1984. They want to have equal pay, higher education, and want to end the discrimination. Second curl up feminism had two branches, Liberal Feminists and Radical Feminists also Working class women played great role too.Liberal Feminists objectives were for equating within the existing social structure and also equality with men. However, Radical Feminists objectives were to breakdown of the system of great power that sustains mail advantage in every sphere of life, including economics, politics, the family, religion, law, education, science, and medicine, as well as in the interactions of cursory life. Also Radical women are not defined as white, middle class agenda kinda social class and ethnicity/race define the issues facing women also.The relationship between the Civil Rights Movement and the feminist agenda of Second wave feminism those women played great role in both. They both of these want to have equal rights, at work, school, and also end the discrimination. Civil Rights Movement and Second Wave of womens liberation movement struggled greatly but they had great success. In conclusion, I would say that Civil Rights Movement and Second Wave of Feminism struggled a lot but after all it was worth it. They had many similarities and women played great roles organizing meetings and interaction with other women that brought unity and that lead them into success.

Australian Identity: I Was Only Nineteen Analysis Essay

The textbook editionual matter I have chosen to analyse in this written review is called I Was and 19, unless excessively goes by the names Only Nineteen and A Walk in the unaccented Green. It was composed by John Schumann, the lead singer/songwriter of the folk group Redgum. This trial run will focus on topics such as the poetic techniques used, how Australian identity operator is portrayed, the effect the text has on the reader and my opinions.I Was Only Nineteen tells the fiction of an Australian diggers implements preparing for, combat in, and reflecting upon the Vietnam War as an old man, psychologically and physically damaged from the chemical defoliant Agent Orange. Although it may reckon like a long time ago the war ended in mid 1975 the scars it left(p) behind will never fade. John Schumann uses numerous poetic devices throughout his hit song. The most oft used techniques include rhyme (as is the same for most lyrical songs), repetition, rhetorical question s and multitudes of colloquialisms.Many of the mentioned techniques as s sound as others in the song provided the reader/listener with an opportunity to think about the theme of Australian identity. The colloquialisms applied to this ballad allow the reader to associate and relate to their own lifestyles in Australia. Drinking tinnies an Australian vernacular term meaning drinking cans of beer connects with the stereotypically casual attitudes of pub attendees Down Under. Schumanns broad Australian accent for the entirety of this piece also expresses a feeling of Australia.Schumann makes a habit of mentioning genuine Australian and Vietnamese locations. Puckapunyal, Canungra, Shoalwater, Townsville, Nui Dat and Vung Tau ar some of the several places noted in this song. By citing factual towns/cities, Schumann creates stock- quiesce another bond with the consultation, as most members would have heard of at least one of these before. The rhetorical questions used in this have Australian aspects to them. Schumann quotes the Channel Seven chopper chills me to my feet, Channel Seven universe a really good known Australian television channel.By bringing up well known Australian icons and brands, the occasion involves himself with the audience. Although subtle, Australians can also relate to the eviscerate Frankie kicked a mine the daylight that mankind kicked the moon. This particular sentence describes the historical event in which humankind first sic foot on the moon kicked the moon. This is an allusion that many Aussies especially those who watched the 1969 moonwalk on their TVs would understand and could pertain to. done the use of poetic devices, the author has successfully encouraged the audience to explore their thoughts on Australian identity and to reflect on our nations history. Second paragraph The language and tone of I Was Only Nineteen is solemn and reflective of the past. John Schumann has used various types of wording to show this. Schumanns express of this text is well planned and thoroughly thought out. Sentences in this piece frequently begin with And, implying that the author is not yet done telling his story.In a way it symbolises that the pain of the war never ended, it is still continuing on. The chorus line God care me, I was only nineteen is a playdamental part of this song. It expresses the innocence and childhood that was lost by thousands of involuntary Australian soldiers during the war. This exact line is repeated four times throughout the song. On one occasion it is slightly changed to God help me, he was going home in June. This change, although only minor, adds more emotional significance to the statement whilst still continuing on the idea of lost innocence.Repetition of the same word (also known as anaphora) generates a sense of emotion and draws the reader/listener in waiting for the next addition to the story. The phrase an Asian orange sunset through the scrub has double meaning, the obvious one being the colour of the riffle at that point in time. But when more research is conducted, it becomes evident that it could also be hinting at Agent Orange, one of the herbicides/defoliants used by the US military during the war. It killed the foliage of the Vietnamese forests so as to prevent the Viet Cong from fetching c everyplace in the trees.Approximately 1 million people including Australians are disabled or have health issues due to Agent Orange. The theme of mateship and strong loyalty is also evident. Schumann says that he can still see and hear Frankie, implying that although Frankie lost his life, he will never be forgotten. But you wouldnt let your mates down til they had you dusted off also speaks of the fondness the author had for his swearword soldiers, dusted off being the military term for medical evacuation of wounded via helicopter.Again, Australian identity comes into mulct the characteristic of utter loyalty hat Australians are renowned for. On the whole, the vocabulary used in this song carries with it a wide range of emotional value and deeper meanings (these aspects become especially evident when the text is explored and broken down). The structure of this song is constantly that of a quatrain. The rhyming scheme follows no specific pattern, but commonly exists in the form of ABAB and AAAA. A notably identifiable characteristic of this piece is the way the story is set out. The majority of the paragraphs feature a diverse location and emotion of the crowd.The opening stanza states that Mum and tonic and Denny saw the passing out parade at Puckapunyal. The setting of this verse is Puckapunyal and addresses the family members of the protagonist. The tempo is moderately die away and the feeling in the atmosphere is one of speculation for the unknown future to come, but also sympathy It was a long march from cadets and a slight amount of self-doubt. In the second verse, the cadence speeds up and a sense of excitement be gins to build. The thought of being amidst the action of the Vietnam War becomes very real and very near.This verse is the debut of the chorus line God help me, I was only nineteen an stamp down time, due to the nigh possibility of death. Townsville lined the footpaths as we marched down to the quay mentions the Queensland city and its inhabitants. There are many other examples of this throughout the song, including Vung Tau and the maturity with which it is spoken of (in the third verse), the Vietnamese jungle and the living with the fear that from each one step could mean your last one on two legs (stanzas five and six) and back home in Australia, reflecting on the war and its events (eight and nine).The author has purposely made the shortest lines (6-7 words and 8-9 syllables) the most powerful. It was a war inside yourself one of the shortest lines metaphorically describes how the overwhelming sensations of the war threatened at every moment to take over your soul. There ar e nine stanzas, each consisting of four lines. Although it may not seem like it, this layout is really for a reason. The song Stairway to Heaven by Led Zeppelin contains long verses, sometimes as long as nine lines, which creates a flowing story and often doesnt give the audience a chance to consider the impact of the lyrics.However, I Was Only Nineteen, with its four line verses, permits the readers and listeners to reflect and canvas the meaning and poignancy of the stanza in the pause that follows. The flatness and monotony of Schumann in the song mirrors the futility and fatalistic attitudes of the Vietnam soldiers. They were well known for their live every day as if it were your last approach on life. Many combatants, as young as fourteen (this was an illegal age and they used false documents) had no plans for the future, apart from having fun whilst they were still living.To many Australian citizens back then and still now, the Vietnam War was pointless. Some say it wasnt w orth more than six million lives (civilian and military) just to stop North Vietnams communisation from taking over, others say otherwise. Although we will never truly known what it was like, Schumanns writing allows us as readers/listeners to experience a smidgen of what it would have been like. Schumann has evidently spent time assembling the superlatively set-out structure, as this greatly impacted on his audience, including myself.After studying this text, I have developed a much greater and more profound respect for the Vietnam veterans. It isnt spoken of much not compared to the World Wars. These men and women were pursuance instructions and it is not individuals who are to be blamed for the millions of casualties. Schumann has brilliantly yet terrifyingly depicted the horrors of war and the scurvy endured by veterans for years even decades after the fall of Saigon. His use of assorted poetic devices, intelligent and well-planned vocabulary and meaningful structure pave th e way for a sure masterpiece.

Hartwell Genetics Ch. 13 Study Guide

Chapter 13chromosomal Rearrangements and Changes in Chromosome Number Reshape Eukaryote Genomes learn in the Blank 1. Events that reshape genomes by reorganizing the deoxyribonucleic acid sequences inside ane or more chromosomes argon cognise as ____________________. autonomic nervous system rearrangements clog2 2. ____________________, duplications, upendings, translocations, and movements of transpos commensurate elements atomic subprogram 18 severally(prenominal) signs of rearrangements of chromosomal tangible. autonomic nervous system Deletions encumbrance2 3. Very large cut of meats ar visible at the relatively low response of a __________________, showing up as the loss of unmatchable or more bands from a chromosome. autonomic nervous system karyotype trouble2 4. Changes in gene ____________________, the f solely of times a given gene is break in the cell nucleus, shtup create a transmittable imbalance. autonomic nervous system dos get a long with difficulty3 5. An unpaired bulge of one member of a homologous pair of chromosomes during prophase of meiosis I is jockeyn as a ____________________. autonomic nervous system track loop barrier3 6. A recessive variety in the mo give that prevents homozygous animals from walking in a straight line is known as the ____________________ gene. autonomic nervous system shaker-1 worry3 7. When repeats of a region lie adjacent to each other they be called ____________________ duplications. autonomic nervous system tandem bar2 8. Inversions that include the centromere are termed ____________________. Ans pericentric impediment2 9. Inversions that exclude the centromere are termed ____________________. Ans paracentric Difficulty2 10. A hybridization product that lacks a centromere is known as a(n) ____________________fragment. Ans acentric Difficulty2 11. The type of large-scale edition in which unwraps of 2 different chromosomes trad e places is a ____________________ translocation. Ans reciprocal Difficulty2 12. ____________________ is the enzyme that catalyzes transposition. Ans Transposase Difficulty2 13. Organisms with four copies of a particular chromosome (2n+2) are ________________. Ans tetrasomic Difficulty3 14. mint syndrome is also known as ____________________. Ans trisomy 21 Difficulty2 15. If a tetraploid derives all of its chromosome bushels from the same species, we call this kind of polyploid a(n) ____________________. Ans autopolyploid Difficulty3 Multiple Choice 16. Which of the avocation are considered chromosomal rearrangements? A) inversions B) duplications C) deletions D) translocations E) all of the in a gamyer place AnsE Difficulty1 17. Which of the pursuit removes sensible from the genome? A) inversions B) duplications C) deletions D) translocations E) none of the above AnsC Difficulty1 18. Which of the pastime adds material to th e genome? A) inversions B) duplications C) deletions D) translocations E) none of the above AnsB Difficulty1 19. The type of chromosomal rearrangement which reorganizes the DNA sequence at heart one chromosome is known as a(n) A) inversion B) duplication C) deletion D) translocation E) none of the above AnsA Difficulty2 20. In general, which of the undermentioned usually has a greater chance of fatality than the others? A) inversion B) duplication C) deletion D) translocation E) all see an equal chance AnsC Difficulty2 21. Sometimes a piece of one chromosome attaches to some other chromosome.This is known as a(n) A) inversion B) duplication C) deletion D) translocation E) none of the above AnsD Difficulty1 22. Sometimes a part of the genome moves from chromosome to chromosome.This is known generally as a(n) A) inversion B) duplication C) deletion D) translocation E) permutable element AnsE Difficulty2 23. Rearrang ements and changes in chromosome number whitethorn touch on gene activity or gene transmission by modify the ________________________ of certain genes in a cell. A) position B) order C) number D) all of the above AnsD Difficulty2 24. Karyotypes generally remain constant within a species because A) rearrangements conk frequently. B) changes in chromosome number occur infrequently. C) communicable instabilities produced by genomic changes usually are at a selective disadvantage. D) familial imbalances are often at a selective advantage. AnsC Difficulty2 25. Despite endurance against chromosomal variations A) connect species almost always hold back the same karyotype. B) related species almost always have a different karyotype. C) almost related species diverge by many chromosomal rearrangements. D) distantly related species diverge by all a few chromosomal rearrangements. AnsB Difficulty2 26. In higher existences, employ genetic analysis is u sually difficult to distinguish teensy deletions in one gene from A) heterozygotes. B) small duplications. C) monosomies. D) point magnetic variations. AnsD Difficulty1 27. For an organism to break through a deletion of more than a few genes, it must carry a nondeleted homolog of the deleted chromosome. This is known as A) a deletion heterozygote. B) a deletion homozygote. C) dose compensation. D) a triplolethal chromosome. AnsA Difficulty2 28. Individuals born heterozygotes for certain deletions have a greatly increased risk of losing both copies of certain genes and create cancer. One such disease is A) triplolethal. B) scarlet eyes. C) retinoblastoma. D) cataracts. AnsC Difficulty1 29. During the pairing of homologs in prophase of meiosis I, the region of a frequent, nondeleted chromosome that has nonhing with which to recombine forms a questionable A) inversion loop. B) deletion heterozygote. C) crossover suppressor. D) deletion lo op. AnsD Difficulty2 30. Using Drosophila polytene chromosomes and small deletions, geneticists have been able to A) map the shaker-1 gene in Drosophila. B) assign genes to regions of one or devil polytene chromosome bands. C) assign genes to regions of 100kb or slight of DNA. D) all of the above AnsD Difficulty2 31. Which of the following molecular techniques could a scientist use to help locate genes on cloned fragments of DNA with deletion mutants? A) In situ hybridization B) Crossover analysis C) gray blot analysis D) all of the above E) both a and c AnsE Difficulty3 32. extras arise by A) chromosomal breakage and faulty repair. B) unequal crossing over. C) errors in replication. D) all of the above AnsD Difficulty1 33. During the pairing of homologs in prophase of meiosis I, the region of a chromosome bearing extra copies of a particular chromosomal region that has nothing with which to recombine forms a so-called A) inversion loop. B) deletion heterozygote. C) duplication loop. D) deletion loop. AnsC Difficulty2 34. An inversion may result from A) a half-circle rotation of a chromosomal region following ii double-strand breaks in a chromosomes DNA. B) the action of a transposable element. C) a crossover surrounded by DNA sequences present in two positions on the same chromosome in inverted orientation. D) all of the above E) none of the above AnsD Difficulty2 35. Inversions may be hard to detect because they A) never visibly change chromosome grade insignia patterns. B) increase recombination in heterozygotes. C) do not usually cause an ab formula phenotype. D) normally are withdraw immediately in natural populations. AnsC Difficulty3 36. Which of the following does not feel when an intragenic inversion occurs? A) One part of the gene is relocated to a distant region of the chromosome. B) One part of the gene stays at its original site. C) Homozygotes for the inversion do not survive. D) The genes manipulation is not disrupted. AnsD Difficulty3 37. When a crossover occurs within the inversion loop of a pericentric inversion each recombinant chromatid leave behind have A) a single centromere. B) a duplication of one region. C) a deletion different from the one of duplication. D) all of the above AnsD Difficulty2 38. Robertsonian translocations result from which of the following? A) Breaks at or near the centromeres of two acrocentric chromosomes followed by the reciprocal exchange of broken parts. B) A part of one chromosome becomes attached to a non-homologous chromosome. C) Unequal crossing over during meiosis. D) The fusion of two small chromosomes end-to-end such that a double centromere occurs. AnsA Difficulty2 39. Which of the following does not usually show a problem during meiosis? A) translocation heterozygotes B) translocation homozygotes C) paracentric inversion D) pericentric inversion AnsB Difficulty 1 40. Of the following separationism patterns, which one is most in all likelihood to result in a normal zygote? A) alternate B) adjacent-1 C) adjacent-2 D) nondisjunction AnsA Difficulty2 41. The condition of semisterility is most closely associated with A) chromosomal duplications. B) pericentric inversions. C) translocation heterozygotes. D) translocation homozygotes. AnsC Difficulty2 42. Translocations can help A) determine linkage groups. B) avail in the diagnosis and treatment of certain cancers. C) map important genes. D) all of the above AnsD Difficulty1 43. belt down Syndrome can result from A) three copies of chromosome 21. B) a translocation of a part of chromosome 21. C) a reciprocal translocation between any two autosomes. D) a and b E) a, b, and c AnsD Difficulty2 44. Which of the following do translocations and inversions not have in common? A) dont alter the amount of DNA in the genome B) ability to alter gene functio n C) use of inversion loops during crossing over D) catalysts of speciation AnsC Difficulty2 45. A transposition is considered a cytologically invisible sequence rearrangement. With which of the following does it section this property? A) small deletion B) large duplication C) inversion D) translocation AnsA Difficulty2 46. Barbara McClintock is most closely associated with which of the following? A) The initial discovery of genetic transposition. B) The discovery of transposable elements in corn. C) The mutation rate in translocation heterozygotes. D) The demonstration of the presence of transposable elements in polytene chromosomes. AnsB Difficulty1 47. Transposable elements have many things in common.Which of the following is not a usual characteristic of them? A) typically smaller than 50 bp. B) May be present in a genome from one to thousands of times. C) Are effect solo in a select group of organisms. D) Need not be sequences that do somet hing for the organism. AnsA Difficulty3 48. Retroposons and retro-viruses have structural parallels. Which of the following also shares structural parallels with them? A) tRNA B) DS-DNA C) rRNA D) mRNA AnsD Difficulty2 49. Which of the following is a possible effect that a transposable element may have on a gene? A) Shift the reading frame. B) Diminish the force of splicing. C) Provide a transcription stop head. D) all of the above AnsD Difficulty2 50. Which of the following is not an aneuploidy? A) monosomy B) tetraploid C) trisomy D) tetrasomy AnsB Difficulty1 51. The most common human aneuploidy is trisomy 21, Down syndrome.All of the effects listed below may be seen in this syndrome except A) death always by age 25. B) mental retardation. C) skeletal abnormalities. D) heart defects. E) increased susceptibility to infection. AnsA Difficulty2 52. Which of the following sex chromosome aneuploidies is not usually seen in live bir ths? A) XO B) XXY C) YO D) XXX E) None of the above AnsC Difficulty2 53. Turner syndrome, XO, is a sex chromosome aneuploidy. Of the effects listed below, which one is not usually seen in this syndrome? A) preposterously short stature B) infertility C) skeletal abnormalities D) unusually long limbs AnsD Difficulty2 54. In Drosophila, a gynandromorph, which is composed of equal parts male and womanish tissue, results from A) an XX female losing one X chromosome during the first mitotic division afterward fertilization. B) an egg carrying an X chromosome fertilized by a Y-carrying sperm. C) a normal egg fertilized by both an X-carrying sperm and a Y-carrying sperm. D) the fusion of a female embryo with a male embryo. AnsA Difficulty3 55. Which of the following is not an example of a euploid condition? A) triploidy B) diploidy C) Down syndrome D) tetraploidy AnsC Difficulty1 56. Triploid organisms usually result from A) the sum of money of haploid and diploid gametes. B) unequal disjunction during embryogenesis. C) propagation of fuse cell lines. D) fusion of three gametes simultaneously. AnsA Difficulty2 57. During mitosis, if the chromosomes in a diploid tissue fail to separate after replication, the resulting daughter cells will be A) monoploid. B) tetrasomic. C) triploid. D) tetraploid. AnsD Difficulty2 58. Hybrids in which the chromosome sets come from two distinct, though related, species are known as A) autopolyploids. B) allopolyploids. C) amphiploids. D) bivalents. AnsB Difficulty2 59. The genus Triticale is a naked genus of the various allopolyploid hybrids between wheat and rye whiskey.Some of the members of this genus show agricultural promise because A) wheat has a high yield. B) rye adapts well to unfavorable environments. C) wheat has a high train of protein. D) rye has a high level of lysine. E) all of the above AnsE Difficulty2 60. Which of the following rar ely, if ever, results in a ordained force for evolution? A) polyploidy B) allopolyploidy C) trisomy D) amphidiploidy AnsC Difficulty2 Matching Match the following descriptions with the toll below a. inversion b. duplication c. deletion d. translocation e. transposable element 61. A piece of genetic material that moves from place to place in the genome. Ans e Difficulty2 62. A change in the genome whereby new material is added to the genome. Ans b Difficulty1 63. A change in the genetic material where a DNA sequence changes direction. Ans a Difficulty1 64. A falling off of genetic material in the genome. Ans c Difficulty1 65. A piece of chromosome attaches to another chromosome. Ans d Difficulty2 Match the following descriptions with the terms below a. retroposon b. transposon c. transposable element d. transposase 66. Any DNA segment that moves about(predicate) in the genome. Ans c Difficulty3 67. Moves in the genome with the aid of an R NA intermediate. Ans a Difficulty2 68. Moves DNA directly. Ans b Difficulty3 69. An enzyme that catalyzes a transposition event. Ans d Difficulty1 on-key or False 70. When comparing mouse and human Giemsa-stained karyotypes, we see no conservation of banding patterns. Ans reliable Difficulty2 71. Karyotypes generally remain constant within a species because rearrangements and changes in chromosome number occur infrequently. AnsFalse Difficulty3 72. Changes in chromosome number include aneuploidy, monoploidy, polyploidy, and duplications. AnsFalse Difficulty2 73. Deletion may arise from errors in replication, from faulty meiotic or mitotic recombination, and from exposure to X-rays. Ans original Difficulty2 74. Homozygosity for a deletion is often, but not always, lethal. AnsTrue Difficulty2 75. Recessive mutations can often be covered by deletions in heterozygotes. AnsTrue Difficulty2 76. Most duplications have no obvious pheno typic consequences and can be spy only by cytological or molecular means. AnsFalse Difficulty2 77. Duplication of chromosomal segments rarely has an effect on the evolution of genomes. AnsTrue Difficulty2 78. Crossing-over within an inversion loop produces aberrant recombinant chromatids. AnsFalse Difficulty3 79. Reciprocal translocations are usually phenotypically abnormal because they have neither lost nor gained genetic material. AnsTrue Difficulty1 80. A hallmark of transposons is that their ends are inverted repeats of each other. AnsFalse Difficulty3 81. The mouse genome has high synteny with the human genome since about 170 DNA blocks are simply rearranged between the two genomes. AnsTrue Difficulty2 82. Euploid cells contain only incomplete sets of chromosomes. AnsFalse Difficulty2 83. Down syndrome is an example of triploidy. AnsFalse Difficulty2 84. Genetic imbalance results from polyploidy. AnsFalse Difficulty1 85. An acentric fragment is an inversion cross-over product lacking a centromere. AnsTrue Difficulty1 Short Answer 86. beg off how data from the linkage groups of the mouse can be used as a resource for assessing human linkage groups. Ans Because virtually all genes cloned from the mouse genome are conserved in the human genome and vice versa, it is possible to construct linkage maps for the two genomes from the same set of markers. Comparisons of the mouse and human linkage groups allow one to see a picture somewhere between complete correspondence and unrelatedness. Genes closely coupled in the mouse tend to be closely linked in humans, but genes that are less tightly linked in one species tend not to be linked at all in the other. This shows that even though mice and humans diverged about 65 million years ago, the DNA sequences in many regions are very similar. Difficulty4 87. Explain the differences between chromosomal rearrangements and changes in chromosome number. Cite at least one example of each. Ans Chromosomal rearrangements reorganize the DNA sequences within one or more chromosomes. Changes in chromosome number involve losings or gains of entire chromosomes or sets of chromosomes. (Student may cite as an example of rearrangements deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, and transposable elements. For changes in chromosome number student may cite an aneuploidy such as a monosomy or trisomy, monoploidy, or polyploidy. Difficulty4 88. Describe how an inversion heterozygote can reduce the number of recombinant progeny. Ans When inversion heterozygotes have chromosomes pair up during meiosis, an inversion loop is formed to allow the tightest possible alignment of homologous regions. This always produces aberrant recombinant chromatids. dickens inversion cases are possible pericentric and paracentric. In a pericentric crossover within the inversion loop each recombinant will carry a duplication of one region and a deletion of another.This abnormal dosage of some genes will result in abnormal gametes and if they fertilize normal gametes, zygotes may die because of genetic imbalance. In a paracentric crossover within the inversion loop the recombinant chromatids will be unbalanced in both gene dosage and centromere number. (Student may then explain how centromere number can result in genetically unbalanced gametes such as what acentric and dicentric chromatids would produce. ) Difficulty4 89. hash out the several effects that translocations and inversions have in common. Ans Both translocations and inversions change genomic position without affecting the essential amount of DNA. If a breakpoint of either one is within a gene, the gene function may be altered or lost. Both types may produce genetically sick gametes that may negatively affect a zygote or developing embryo. (Student may explain at this point the differences between how the imbalanced gametes are produced. ) Because both reduce workable progeny and heterozygotes, they may play a role in speciation and evolution. Difficulty4 90. Explain the possible effects that a transposable element may have on a gene. Ans Insertion of a transposable element near or within a gene can affect gene style and alter phenotype. For example, a B type hemophilia occurs after insertion of Alu into the gene encoding clotting factor IX. Secondly, the effect of insertion depends on what the element is and where the insertion point is. If insertion is into a protein-coding exon, the reading frame may shift or a stop codon may be introduced. Insertion into an intron may lower the efficiency of splicing, which may result in removal from the transcript that could lower production of a normal polypeptide.A stop signal could also affect genes downstream. Upstream insertion into a regulatory gene could affect gene function in various ways also. Difficulty4 91. Explain the mechanism by which aneup loidy occurs. Ans Aneuploidy occurs because of meiotic nondisjunction either in meiosis I or meiosis II. In meiosis I if homologs do not separate all gametes produced will contain an error. Two of the gametes will contain both homologs and two will contain neither.When fertilization of a normal gamete occurs by either of these abnormal gametes, aneuploidy results. Half of the zygotes will be trisomic and half will be monosomic. Meiotic nondisjunction during meiosis II will produce two normal and two abnormal gametes. If fertilization occurs with either of the abnormal gametes, aneuploid zygotes are produced. Difficulty4 92. Discuss why triploid organisms are almost always sterile. Ans (Student may explain how triploids occur. ) Triploids are almost always sterile because meiosis produces mostly unbalanced gametes.During the first meiotic division in a triploid germ cell, three sets of chromosomes must segregate into two daughter cells. Most likely one daughter will end up with two chromosomes and the other will have only one of any one set of homologs. Some cells will have two of some chromosomes and the normal one of others. Many combinations of incorrect number of chromosomes will occur with very little chance of the normal amount. Most gametes will be aberrant and will have a reduced chance of producing viable offspring. Difficulty4 93. Discuss how deletions and duplications may wreak to evolution. Ans General examples of how chromosomal rearrangements might contribute to evolution Deletions a small deletion that moves a coding sequence of one gene adjacent to a promoter or other regulatory element of an adjacent gene may, rarely, allow expression of a protein at a novel time in development or in a novel tissue. If the new time or place of expression is advantageous to the organism, it might become naturalised in the genome. Duplications a duplication will provide at least two copies of a gene. If one copy maintains the original function, the other could conceivably acquire a new function that would probably be related to the original function.Many examples can be seen in higher plants and animals. (Students may also write about the evolutionary contributions of the other chromosomal rearrangements and might even mention the role of changes in chromosome number. ) Difficulty4 94. Why do inversions act as cross-over suppressors? Ans Inversions act as cross-over suppressors because only progeny that do not recombine within an inversion loop will survive. Difficulty4 95. What is a hangmans halter chromosome? Ans A balancer chromosome is a special chromosome often created by the use of X-rays for the purpose of genetic manipulation these chromosomes often carry multiple, overlapping inversions that enable researchers to follow them through crosses, and a recessive lethal mutation that prevents the survival of homozygotes. Difficulty4 96. What is the difference between alternate a nd an adjacent-1 segregation or an adjacent-2 segregation pattern? Ans An alternate segregation pattern results in balanced chromosomes while adjacent 1or 2 patterns yield chromosomes that are unbalanced. Difficulty4 Experimental Design and Interpretation of Data 97. We now know that several organisms have a high degree of synteny at the genomic level. You wish to test the hypothesis that the science laboratory mouse and human share genomic similarities. What tests would you complete and given that we now know that the mouse and human genomes are highly syntenic, what results would you expect? Ans Karyotype analysis can be used to test the hypothesis of genomic similarities however, only animals that have high homology will show similar banding patterns.Therefore, FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) would be a more useful technique to determine synteny. The mouse and human genomes are similar in that around 170 similar fragments an average length of about 18 M b are simply rearranged (this is not visible in a karyotype). Difficulty4 98. You are mapping traits in your favorite organism but unbeknownst to you, your laboratory model organism contains a rare deletion. How will your mapping results be affected? Ans The mapping outer space will appear smaller than the actual physical distance in the wild-type organism. Difficulty4 99. You have discovered an altered phenotype and cloned the gene responsible. However, the gene you cloned appears to have an unusual sequence in it. In order to determine the chromosomal location of your new gene, you perform FISH, using only the unusual sequence, on several animals. To your surprise, the FISH results suggest that each animal contains the gene on a different chromosome. How would you interpret your results. Ans The unusual sequence is a transposon and your new phenotype arose via the open frame of its gene by the transposon. Difficulty4 100. You are a master gardener and your favo rite tomato plant plant is very sensitive to a pesticide called DEADBUG. You wish to make your special tomato plants resistant to the pesticide which you atomiser on other bushes in your garden. Using microbial techniques give sufficient and complete details of how you would do this (include ploidy status). Ans Haploid pollen grains are cold do by and plated on agar plates.The resulting embryoids are hardened with hormone in liquid culture and eventually bighearted as a monoploid plant. The plant is treated with a mutagen to induce mutations that can result in insensitivity to the pesticide. Somatic cells are removed from the treated plant and plated on agar containing DEADBUG. Only cells resistant to DEADBUG will grow. Again the embryoid is hormone treated and grown into a resistant monoploid plant. Treatment with colchicine will allow duplication of chromosomes without separation resulting in a normal diploid plant. Difficulty4