Poetry and Ozymandias Heart Essay

How life goes on: the analyzing of diction and imagery in â€Å" Ozymandias† The poem â€Å"Ozymandias† by Percy Bysshe Shelley is about a traveler telling the speaker about a statue in the desert. This statue is half sunk in the sand and the traveler explains that the â€Å"sneer of cold command† on the statue’s face shows that the sculptor understood the passions of the statue’s subject. This man sneered at the people who were not as powerful as him, but he fed his people because of something in his heart. The Traveler goes on and says that on the pedestal of the statue, it is written, â€Å"My name is Ozymandias’, king of kings: / Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!† But when you look all around the statue for the â€Å"works† there is nothing but sand and a bare desert. In this poem, Percy Bysshe Shelley creates the image of destroyed sculptures to show that nature destroys all and his choice of diction is quite intere sting. The diction in this poem creates a strong sense of imagery. The notable diction is combined with alliteration to create even more powerful imagery, such as the â€Å"Sneer of col command†. Ozymandias’-â€Å"ozy† meaning air and â€Å"mandias† meaning King/God, is a sonnet, a fourteen lined poem metered in iambic pentameter. Percy Bysshe Shelley uses words such as, Trunk-less- torso is gone, visage- another name for face, and colossal- which is an allusion of the colossus of roads. He uses this choice of diction to interest the reader furthermore by being more descriptive and letting the readers imagination go wild. The poem â€Å"Ozymandias† has two voices. The first is the speaker, who tells the entire poem. The other is the traveler, who tells the main speaker about the poem. The speaker tells us the traveler is from an â€Å"antique land,† which is a metaphor for the old age of his country. Antiques are valued mainly for their age and are almost always not modern. The traveler is described as well- traveled, knowledgeable, and wise. The Traveler’s whole speech is about a statue that he once saw in the middle of a desert. He tells us that the â€Å"trunk† of the statue is gone; The head of the statue lies in the sand at the feet of the legs and the expression on the face is still visible. There is a lot of death in this poem. The figure represented in the statue is dead, along with the civilization to which it once belonged. The Traveler says that the lip is â€Å"wrinkled†, but he says this is not because of old age but it is the â€Å"sneer of cold command†. This leaves the reader with an impression that Ozymandias’ was a cold ruler and had no trouble giving orders. In this  octave though it is suggests that the stone is â€Å"lifeless†, but on it is some â€Å"passions†. The reader, most likely imagines that these passions are greed, conceit, and other passions that are appropriate to a harsh, power-loving ruler. These same passions are said by the traveler to â€Å"survive† the â€Å"hand that mocked them,† which would be the sculptor, and the â€Å"heart that fed† them, which is Ozymandias’.The poem is consistent to a single metaphor: the shattered, ruined statue in the desert wasteland, but another metaphor is â€Å"the heart that fed†. Ozymandias’ heart â€Å"fed† these passions. The heart seemed to be compared to a powerful figure and the passions seemed more like an animal the master throws some food to, but I think the sense is more that Ozymandias’ heart fed on the passions. When you look at it like this, Ozymandias’ heart becomes a killer and the passions his prey. It seems obvious then that the passions kept the heart alive and beating, the passions are sustenance to the heart. The passions don’t seem to be suggested to be bad, but Ozymandias’ feeding on these passions of greed and conceit resulted in evil, the same evil we see on the statue’s face. His image of the broken sculpture shows how things change over time and that human beings and materialistic values are seasonal and are bound to end. They are all prone to be affected by the laws of time.

ICT resources to aid childrens learning Essay

During this report I will be giving a general overview of the types of resources used to aid a specific area of 3-5 year old children’s’ learning and development. The area chosen is numeracy. During the report, software, hardware and online resources will be discussed and their importance within the area will be explained. General Many aspects of ICT will be found in many schools across the country; whether it be a PC or Laptop, to Roma’s to electronic cash registers. All items of ICT (Software, hardware and online resources) can be effective when educating children in numeracy. – Software Software can be an effective way to educate children. Around today are many types of software/programmes that can be used to aid all areas of a child’s development. There are two types of software available; Content Free software and Content Rich software; both of which will be explained below. – Content Free software is software that provides a blank canvas of which can be worked on. This can be used within the curriculum as a teaching tool. It relates to the early learning goals as one of them is: – â€Å"Using own methods to solve a problem† (Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage pg 76) Content free software/programmes such as an art-based programme can be used in several ways. Symbols can be used to signify numbers, counting, matching, measuring, shape and space as well as other areas within numeracy. Illustrations and simple games created using software such as an art based one or a content-free program (such as TextEase), can be used to promote and challenge most areas within numeracy. – Content Rich software for children is software, which has been designed to provide scaffolding for and educate children on certain areas of the curriculum, for example; numbers or colours (mathematical) or new words, nouns, adjectives etc (English). This software requires little input from the child but enough to enable them to learn effectively and efficiently. An example of this type of software is a program called Tizzy’s First Tools. Within Tizzy’s First Tools there is a Word Processor, Paint and chart Programs. These can be used across the curriculum. In the paint section of the program, a simple game could be devised in the form of a number line in which a counter could be placed over a number and the children must guess the missing number. This is an effective way to use this tool as it can be adapted and used with all ages and can be adapted to meet individual needs of children and a class of children with diverse abilities. – Hardware Hardware is: â€Å"The physical equipment of computing and computer-directed activities† (www. ncsa. uiuc. edu/UserInfo/Resources/Hardware – 23/11/06). There are many types of hardware that can be used to promote education. Cameras, scanners, tape recorders, telephones, video recorders, Cds and CD-ROMs are just a few examples. â€Å"Pupils should be given opportunities to apply and develop their ICT capability through the use of ICT tools to support their learning in all subjects† (www. nc. ac. uk. net/nc_resources) The Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage states practitioners should â€Å"Provide a wide range of opportunities to motivate, support and develop children and help them to be involved, concentrate and learn effectively†. (Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage pg 17) By using many different resources and pieces of hardware, this learning outcome can be achieved. Different pieces of hardware can promote different areas of learning. One useful resource is the following: The â€Å"Maths Mat Challenge Game† The Maths Mat Challenge Game â€Å"Children listen to the equation, do the maths, and then step on the right answer† (http://www. rm. com/Primary/Products/Product. asp? cref=PD539109 – 22/11/06) There are several games that you can play and use with this mat. Simple games can achieve simple milestones of the curriculum. For example, the Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage states children of 3-5 years should â€Å"Recognise numerals 1-9†, â€Å"Count reliably up to 10 everyday objects† and â€Å"Select the correct numeral to represent 1-5, then 1-9, objects† (Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage). The children can step on the correct number when the teacher says a particular number, the child can cover up a number and get a classmate to recite to him the numbers he is covering. This would aid number recognition and number sequencing. Participating in this activity and using this Maths Mat can cover most aspects of mathematics. This mat is also good to support and adapt for the diversity we now see in society. Within classrooms today, each child is individual. Some are more able, some children are of average/able ability and some children are less able than others. Because of the structure of the learning environment, activities now have to be adapted and have to be able to be used in many situations with many diverse abilities. – Online Resources Online resources are now used widely to educate. They are defined as: â€Å"Sources that are available in an electronic medium, most commonly on the Internet. These resources include CD-ROMs, discs, and the Internet. † (www. somervillepubliclibrary. org) One particular website that is useful when educating mathematics to children in the Foundation Stage is the Birmingham Grid For Learning’s website or www. bgfl. org. On this site there are many different resources that can aid many different branches of mathematical development.

Understanding consumer decision process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Understanding consumer decision process - Essay Example In the market situation, interacting factors determines the movement of products and services. One important factor in the conceptualization and production of products and commodities is the target market. The consumers' reaction to products offered commands the possible success of certain products. Consumers utilize goods and services on a daily basis. In the present era wherein every product that a consumer can possibly need is available in the market, producers compete mainly on the quality of products and goods offered.The consumers mainly comprise the target market of goods and products produced in the market, thus, factors that affect their decision process with regards to the purchase of different products and services in the market is studied. The study of factors that contribute to the choice of consumers is an important field that can be explored. Every choice made by the buyers specifically the type of products to buy, the brand, the size and other specifications are affec ted by factors (Johnson, & Mullen, 1990, p.1). To be able to better demonstrate the behavior of the consumer with regards to the choices made in buying any goods in the market, a certain product is chosen and studied.Personal items such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and perfumes are items that are widely available in the market. Perfumes are products that are available in the market that are produced from the mixture of aromatics or chemical compounds with distinct smell. Through the history, the role of perfumes has evolved from being a fashion and luxury item to a personal necessity (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2006). In a survey conducted products that are considered of personal necessity has an increasing trend with regards to sales in the market. Perfume and other cosmetic items comprise 10.84% of the sales for the second quarter of 2004 which is comparatively higher than the same period in 2003 (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Statistica, 2004). One company that distributes perfumes in the market is the Ralph Lauren. The company was established in the 70's when Ralph Lauren himself started producing ties and men's wear and in 1971 started designing women's line. It was in the 1978 when Ralph Lauren produced the first line of fragrance and perfume collection. The collection started only from one kind of perfume for each gender (Ralph Lauren Media, 2006). Based on the 2005 report of the company, 9.4% of the total sales were derived from the line perfumes produced (Polo Ralph Lauren, 2006). The perfumes and fragrances are types of products that focus on different target markets. There are perfumes for both men and women and for any ages. Another type of customization with regards to these fragrances is the type of activities that the consumers are involved in. There is a product line that fits subdued activities such those consumers that wear perfumes when going to work. One product line targets the active individuals. This line is called the Ralph Lauren Polo Sports perfume which has two different variants, for men and for women. The target of this perfume line is the particular groups of individuals that are health conscious and either engaged in sports and other physical fitness activities. This group belongs to the population with age ranging from 20 years of age and with no upper limit that are fit and sporty individuals. These products were produced by RL in response to the 90's trend towards the development of a healthy and active lifestyle through sports and ex ercise enthusiasm (Ralph Lauren Media, 2006). The Consumer Behavior In the study of the marketability of any products, an important focus is given to the behavior of the consumers. The consumer behavior encompasses the practices involved in the sales of any products in the market. It is studied through the combined tools of different scientific fields such as sociology, psychology and other related fields that explore human behavior in the society

Being socially responsible is the key for organization success. Do you Assignment

Being socially responsible is the key for organization success. Do you agree with this statement Support your viewpoints on t - Assignment Example Corporate social responsibility does not have a common definition as many companies understand, interpret and apply the concept differently. For instance, the activities that the company A can engage in as part of their corporate social responsibility program cannot be the same activities that company B will apply. As such, defining the concept becomes difficult. Even so, considering all aspects of the concept, a broad definition can be established. The general definition for the concept states that: corporate social responsibility refers to the deliberate efforts by the organization beyond its business obligations to do appropriate things and engage in behavior that is appealing to the society. This paper seeks to explain how embracing the idea of corporate social responsibility can have a positive impact on the profits f an organization. One of the most notable ways through which corporate social responsibility of a company impacts on its revenues is through the reduction of the ex penses it incurs. One of the most prominent ways through which a corporation can reduce its expenses, is through the fact that a socially responsible corporation will likely receive tax incentives from the government (Mackey et al, 2007). Such incentives may come in the form of tax holidays, periodic relief and reduction in tax burden. A company usually pays tax out of its annual profits. Tax is a pre-dividend deduction. In the event that it is not deducted, the net income of the company will possibly be high. As a result, the amount of money accruing to each member or shareholder will be considerably high. Governments across the world are finding the need to have companies participate in social matters. It is for this point that they promote the concept of social responsibility. They reward those companies that engage in such activities as prevention of soil erosion, reforestation and provision of social amenities. Under normal circumstances, the amount spent in the execution of th e social activities is too little compared to the tax savings made. The second way through which corporate social responsibility pays out is that it helps a company gain an upper hand in the industry. Research carried out in California in the year 2008 indicated that the average consumer was likelier to purchase commodities from a socially responsible firm, than one that is unconcerned about the welfare of the general public. It is an issue of common knowledge that in the business world, today, competition is serious in all industries. This is so because of advancement in technology and the effects of globalism. One of the ways of surviving the completion, especially among the multi- national companies, is through engaging in activities that contribute to the wellbeing of the society (Bishop, 2008). Consumers associate a socially responsible firm with an excellent public image. This plays a primary psychological role in the minds of the community. It is from such psychological pheno mena that the potential clients get to prefer the corporation that is socially responsible. This, in turn, translates to an increase in revenue. An increase in revenue is connected to an increase in the profits of the concerned corporation. Much like total quality management, corporate social responsibility is a social transaction. A social transaction is a process through which different

Hypothesis Identification Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hypothesis Identification Analysis - Essay Example he independent variable was chosen by the researcher because the increase in the abuse of cigarettes and tobacco can be attributed to the marketing strategies of tobacco companies. Joint sponsorships between alcohol and tobacco companies contributed to the increased numbers of people using cigarettes and alcohol products at the same time. The promotion event targeted sporting events where the youth had interest in such as auto racing soccer and golf. Other events such as bar and night club events have been sponsored by the tobacco and alcohol companies to influence more people to use their products. The promotion programs are aimed at exposing the tobacco and alcohol products to the young adult potential smokers so that the companies can improve on their sales and profit margin (Jiang & Ling, 2011). The hypothesis statement was used to determine whether the increase in alcohol and cigarette abuse among young adults is due to marketing strategies of the tobacco and alcohol companies. The study found out that tobacco companies were able to offer discounted or free alcohol at Tobacco Company sponsored bar nights. The discounted or free alcohol is aimed at introducing more young adults into the usage of alcohol and tobacco products. For instance, the study found out that Marlboro promotional strategies were aimed at offering free beer to the young adults who bought their cigarette products so as to generate excitement and please the participants (Jiang & Ling, 2011). The hypothesis was accepted since the promotional and marketing strategies of the tobacco and alcohol companies were aimed at introducing more young adults into the usage of their products. The implications of the study are that tobacco and alcohol companies are contributing to the increasing deaths of young adults in the United States. Their marketing strategies only lead to more young people abusing tobacco and alcohol products. Tobacco and alcohol companies are only concerned with the sales they

HIST 1400 essay 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HIST 1400 1 - Essay Example This diverts from the key purpose of the French revolution. Moreover, French Revolution is more radical, cruel, and violent. The French Revolution has disputes involving Europe, Kings, and the Church. Many promises and targeted achievements during the old regime and this period have not been achieved. Church disputes are clear when Martin Luther criticizes the Catholic Church saying that he is enlightening the people. In his 95th thesis of the year 1517, he suggested that his main aim is not to suppress the church (The Protestant Reformation 1). Martin Luther argues that he hopes to see it reformed. He identifies that churches were driving their believers away from the Creator. However, he is rude while addressing the situation. He openly talks of the Catholic leaders in a negative manner. These enlightening ideas suggested by Luther cause much suffering to the citizens. The revolution betrays the people. It destroys and divides the people pretending to enlighten them. The Roman Empire extends up to France. Consequently, most of the people in France are Catholics. According to Martin Luther, he explains that the Romans have three walls that protect them such that not anyone who tries to reform them is able (The Protestant Reformation 4). He does not put into consideration whether the Christians are satisfied about their religion. First, it is agreeable that Martin Luther believes that the temporal power is always below the spiritual power (The Protestant Reformation 2). He does not support most of the pope’s ideas. Only a pope would call for a council at any time. He argues that many people’s rights are violated because they are not able to overcome the rules strategized by the Catholic rulers. The French Revolution is against the Catholic Church. Consequently, it longs to see the end of this religion in France. There is a great intention to weaken the people through the French Revolution. However, this is only achievable through

Envalue the Auditor Independence Provisions Essay

Envalue the Auditor Independence Provisions - Essay Example The audit committee and the Charter of Audit usually offers independence of code of ethics and management of the company which assist in guiding the clients, third parties or suppliers on theories and concepts of independence (Federation of European Accountants, 2013). The independence of external auditors signifies freedom from those parties that have increase in the consequence published in the financial statement of the entity. The external auditors should be supported by the Audit committee of the company, and reference should be drawn from the public accounting codes and standards. The external and internal concerns are complicated when the nominally self-regulating divisions of the company offer consulting and auditing services. In order to solve this complication, Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002 is a legal solution. In case of statutory audit the most significant principle is regarded as objectivity. Before considering any non-assurance or assurance engagement, audit or en tering into any relationship with the client, the auditor should consider all the threats to their independence that might hinder principle of objectivity (ICISA, 2004). Regulations in the European Union There are various regulations within EU in relation to auditor independence. The major enforcement in case of auditor independence is directed through the Companies Act of 1985, and Companies Act of 1989. The Companies Act of 1985 states that it the accountability of the shareholders to appoint auditors rather than the directors at the annual general meeting. This theory has been stated so that the directors cannot influence the auditors by... This essay summarises the concepts, that are used today in the legal regulatory framework, and identifies the conceptual framework of auditor’s independence. Apart from this the regulations for auditor independence that also are discussed in the essay by the researcher, with respect to European Union, as this will assist in analysing how the auditors can keep their personal interest aside and focus towards an unbiased and flawless audit report. Audit firms and auditor must maintain their independence for the reports of the auditors to be free from any external, personal and organisational impairment. There are various ideas and assumptions present regarding the future development of auditing in context of independence. In US the audit control procedure states that the audit reports should be reviewed by another company once in three years. The researcher mentiones that this essay discussed all those factors which were enough to discuss how auditors can keep aside their persona l objectives and interests in order to support the quotes that have been mentioned at the beginning of this study. Auditors today are like examiners who check the annual performance of the companies in order to assist them in forecasting and decisions making. However, the researcher also concluds that if code of ethics and laws are not followed, then companies would function on wrong guidelines, and there are many examples that can be drawn from the recent financial crisis to describe how faulty judgement can lead to bankruptcy.

Finance and Accounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finance and Accounting - Case Study Example On the other hand, other business majors such as marketing and management majors have a wider impact. Other business majors are not just responsible for the shareholders of the company but to all the stakeholders of the company and the society/community in which the company operates. Therefore, it would be wrong to say that one business major has a greater responsibility than another to behave ethically. They all are required to equally behave ethically under all circumstances. Case 4.5 – Wiley Jackson There are only 2 decision alternative available: one is to mention what had happened in detail and the second would be to answer it as a ‘no’ and hide the fact and hope that the charge would be expunged from the record before anybody could know. I would choose the first decision and mention in detail what had happened at the party and how it does not showcase my true personality and ethics. The second alternative is too risky and cannot be considered. Another factor adding to this is that Sally Jones from the company was also present at the party and was aware of what had happened. The first decision is the right thing to do and I am confident that the management at company will understand that the criminal charge was result of chance and in no ways is related to my character or work ethic. Case 4.7 – David Quinn â€Å"Client Confidentiality† in the context of a CPA’s ethical responsibilities means that an organization or an individual from the organization will not reveal any information about their client to a third party without the client’s consent. Only instance where the information can be revealed is when there is a clear legal reason. Yes, David violated the accounting profession’s client confidentiality rule as he disclosed personal information with respect to his client to his friends who were in no way related to the client or his company. The information which was shared with David was for the pur pose of his job (accounting) and was confidential information. He had no authority or reason to disclose this information to his friends. This is unethical behaviour on part of David is in clear violation of accounting profession’s client confidentiality rule. Case 6.1 – Leigh Ann Walker Yes, one can fulfil the responsibilities of a professional role while lacking personal integrity. Fulfilling a professional role does not always require personal integrity as an individual who is committed, knowledgeable and has the skills required by the job can fulfil the responsibilities. But such an individual will only be able to do an average job. To be exceptional at a professional role an individual must be able to take personal responsibility and think and act appropriately. This cannot be accomplished by an individual who lacks personal integrity. In the case of Walker, she can be expected to fulfil the responsibilities of her professional role in normal circumstance but in r eally challenging situations where there are conflicts of interest, then her ability is questioned. Therefore, it is possible that an individual lacking personal integrity can fulfil the responsibilities of a professional role but will not be able to an exceptional job at it. Case 6.4 – Tommy O’Connell The roles and responsibilities of a staff accountant and audit senior are very different from each other.

Comparative literature between Ophelia (from Hamlet) and Juliet (from Research Paper

Comparative literature between Ophelia (from Hamlet) and Juliet (from Romeo and Juliet ) as tragic heroines - Research Paper Example e a heroine, the treatment of these innocent characters is comparatively atrocious since their lives are terminated to signify the loss of their heroine traits. What do these two women tragic heroine? This essay purports to give a comparative analysis of these two characters to show why there are referred to as the tragic heroines. The time and place setting of the Hamlet play takes place between 14th and 15th century or 13th to 14th centuries. The play setting is the royal Elsinore place in Denmark city. On the other hand, Romeo and Juliet play takes place in Mantua and Verona city over a period of four days. The other entire scene except Act five Scene one takes place at Verona. Although the writing of the play took place in between 1591-1596, the play was set between 13th to 16th centuries. During these periods, women were unable to make any decisions since they were supposed to obey the men’s decision-making Ophelia (from Hamlet) and Juliet (from Romeo and Juliet) are among the female characters in Shakespeare who have heroine character, and they pass through similar life situations (Shakespeare and Laurel 34). Ophelia and Juliet are stereotyped in a similar way (as children). The readers initially encounter with Juliet when Capulet is discussing Juliet’s tender age with Paris claiming that she is not mature enough to be married. â€Å"†¦ I have said before: / my child is yet strange in the world†¦ Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride† (7-11). Similarly, Ophelia’s first introduction stereotypes her as a child. Polonius counsels Ophelia and warns her about her love with Hamlet, â€Å"Marry, I will teach you: to think yourself a baby† (104). Despite these two characters being treated like children, they seem to be the tragic heroine in most of their actions. Ophelia’s role in Hamlet play seems to be highly complex. Shakespeare represents her as loyal, gentle, and obeying character who acts as a supporting character (Stanton 67). She is in love

Unit 4 Discussion Social Problems Research Paper

Unit 4 Discussion Social Problems - Research Paper Example In my view deterrence, which is the prospect of unpleasant punishment that will put people off with the idea of committing that crime (Corbett, 2005), seems to best fit upon the criteria and objective of punishment. Deterrence helps achieve the objective of punishing the offender of the crime that has been committed and also may help avoid future such action. The condition that lies with it is that it should be effective enough. In my view, the most ineffective punishment is incapacitation. Incapacitation may be severe in terms of the punishment the offender is entitled to receive plus it may infuriate the offender such so he would increase the severity of crimes after being released, in order to retaliate. Juveniles get involved in crime due to drug addiction, bad company, peer pressure, bad relations with parents, and lack of supervision (Saminsky, 2010). Juveniles cannot be punished directly as opposed to males, as most of them do not know the severity of the crimes they have committed. They have to be treated and rehabilitated (Samaha, 2006), so they may lead a better

Violence in the Family Essay Example for Free

Violence in the Family Essay The family has been stressed, time and again, as the basic unit of society. What happens therefore inside the family, particularly during the growing up years of an individual, shapes the individuals that make up the society. For a number of people, violence in the family is a daily fact of life. For others it is a remote possibility. Still, there are others who would rather have a violent family than having none at all. The future of the society hinges on the way that individuals are shaped inside the home. Hence, the issue of violence in the family has a big impact on the lives of people and on the society in general. The hypothesis of this essay is that frequent violence inside the family leads to a person becoming violent in his or her relationships in the broader society. By looking at a number of journal articles, this line of thinking will be explored more deeply and look at the relationship of the variables of violence in the family and violence in the broader society. There may be other aspects of the issue for consideration but the existence of violence in other relationships of a person who suffered from violence inside the home will be given priority over other concerns. Impact of Violence on Children One of the glaring impacts of violence in the family is the impedance of the normal trajectory of development in young boys and girls. In a study conducted by Barletto and McCoskey (2002), they looked at the impact of family violence on the development of misbehavior and attention problems among young boys and girls. Interestingly, they found out that attention and conduct problems were much more dominant in girls than in boys. Yet, the girls did not show delinquency even in the presence of violence in the family. On the other hand, violence inside the family has a much more direct impact on the delinquency of boys. At a young age, boys would display attention deficit problems and if left unchecked, such problems will lead to delinquency as they enter adolescence. With the findings of the authors, it means that family violence does affect the development of children and the way they relate with other people in their society. But what happens over the long run? How do the children deal with the effects of violence in their lives? In another study, conducted by Markowitz (2001), he explored the history of family violence in the lives of those who perpetuate the same. He found out that there is indeed a relationship between violent behavior in the family and one’s experiences of violence inside the family during the growing up years. This is true for persons who inflict violence against spouse and children inside the family. This is not an absolute rule, however. The researcher also found out that the effect of violence experienced while growing up is mediated or tempered by attitude. Violence inside the family is looked upon more favorably by men and by nonwhites. This may be due to cultural factors and the extent of violence experienced by boys as they are growing up compared to that experienced by women. This needs more research, however. Causes and Risk Factors of Violence in the Family In addition to the impact of family violence on children, another important aspect of the issue is the causes of family violence. How do people, particularly men, become violent inside the home? In this regard, Rodriguez, Lasch, Chandra and Lee (2001) explored a number of factors that serve as risk factors in the occurrence of violence inside the family. The researchers explored the status of employment, the use of alcohol and even the welfare benefits of the perpetrators of violence inside the home. What they found out is that employment, or the lack of it, is not an important cause of violence in the home because even employed persons also displayed the same level of propensity to violence. Those who are receiving welfare benefits, however, tend to have a higher propensity for violence. This could perhaps be attributed to an affronted ego or pride by having to receive welfare benefits. Alcohol use is another factor that increases the likelihood of violence in the family. If there were friends and other means of social support, however, this likelihood is significantly decreased. These findings do have important impact in understanding the causes of violence inside the home. While experiencing violence at an early age may be an important cause of perpetuating violence, the other factors should be considered. Violence in the family is further affected by what happens in the broader society. Sheidow, et. al (2001) explored the experiences of youth in urban settings in terms of violence experienced at home and in the community. The violence in the community is also at a high level in comparison with that inside the family. What the authors wanted to explore was the relation between the functioning of the family and the risk for exposure to violence in neighborhoods known for their violent environment. The authors discovered that the way that the family functions is indeed a contributing factor to the increased exposure to violence among adolescents in the neighborhood. This is particularly true for struggling families who are in the midst of inner city neighborhoods that exhibit social organization to a large extent. This gives credence to the earlier surmise that the experiences of individuals in the family contribute indeed to the perpetuation of violence in the individual. With the increasing dysfunction in the family, the individual will have to turn to peers and other groups or communities within the society so as to escape their experiences at home. However, since, they have experienced violence; they also know how to inflict violence. This is where they become perpetuators and not only receivers of violence. Repeating the Errors of Perpetuators Violence inside the family is a vicious cycle. It can be perpetuated by the next generation if left unchecked. Halford, Sanders Behrens (2004) looked at the behavior of couples with experiences of violence in their families. They caught on videotape the conversations and conflicts that the couples had and looked at how they resolved such conflicts. The male partners who reported observing violence in their families showed negative communication patterns compared with those who did not experience such. Females were not affected much by exposure to violence in the family. This also calls for a more in-depth research concerning the impact of violence in the family on boys and its long term effect on them. Conclusion Based on the foregoing discussion, it can be seen that violence in the family has long-term consequences and impact on the lives of people, particularly boys who may grow up to inflict violence to their families, too. As such, effective intervention measures should be arrived at so as to make sure that violence in the family does not become a big problem in the society. The family is still an important institution that helps shape the behavior and conduct of individuals. If the family is full of violence, then the individual reared in such a setting will also become violent over the long run. References Barletto, BK McCloskey, LA (2002). Attention and Conduct Problems in Children Exposed to Family Violence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72 (1), 83-91. Halford, WK, Sanders, MR, Behrens, BC (2004). Repeating the Errors of Our Parents? Family-of-Origin Spouse Violence and Observed Conflict Management in Engaged Couples. Family Process, 39 (2), 219-235. Markowitz, FE (2001). Attitudes and Family Violence: Linking Intergenerational and Cultural Theories. Journal of Family Violence, 16 (2), 205-218. Rodriguez, E, Lasch, KE, Chandra, P Lee, J (2001). Family violence, employment status, welfare benefits, and alcohol drinking in the United States: what is the relation? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 55, 172-178. Sheidow, AJ, Gorman-Smith, D, Tolan, PH, Henry, DB (2001). Family and Community Characteristic: Risk Factors for Violence Exposure in Inner-City Youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 29 (3), 345-360.

Role of Carotenoids on the Immune Response

Role of Carotenoids on the Immune Response There is growing evidence from in vitro and in vivo laboratory animal studies that ÃŽ ²-carotene can protect phagocytic cells from autoxidative damage, enhance T and B lymphocyte proliferative responses, stimulate effector T cell functions and enhance macrophage, cytotoxic T cell and natural killer cell tumoricidal capacities, as well as increase the production of certain interleukins. Because of their molecular composition, specifically their highly conjugated double-bond structure carotenoids such as beta-carotene and lutein serve as effective scavenger of the harmful unpaired electrons (eg. singlet oxygen, free radicals) produced by normal metabolic processes that damage body tissues (eg. via lipid peroxidation, Krinsky 1992).The cells of the immune system are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress and may benefit substantially from the free radical trapping ability of carotenoids, as the immune response itself produces reactive oxygen species that disrupt the intercellular si gnals sent via lipid-rich, membrane- bound receptors (Chew 1993). An enormous body of literature has accumulated over the past 20 year demonstrating the potency of carotenoids as immuno stimulants in humans and other mammals(reviewed in Hughes 2001, Krisnsky 2001). However, within the last decade, it has also been suggested that these carotenoid derived sexual colours may signal the health and condition of males of birds and fish of the specific antioxidant and immune stimulatory activity of carotenoids obtained from the diet and transported through the body before they are incorporated into the integument (Lozano 1994, von Schantz et.al; 1999; Moller et.al 2000). This issue continues to be debated on theoretical grounds (Hill 1999a ; Lozano2001), fueld by the idea that colorful birds and fishes obtain far more carotenoids in the diet than carotenoid deprived mammals, thus individuals may not be limited in the extent to which they can use carotenoids to boost their immune response. Early studies demonstrating the ability of dietary carotenoids to prevent infections have left open the possibility that the action of these carotenoids may be through their prior conversion to vitamin A. Subsequent studies to demonstrare the specific action of dietary carotenoids have used carotenoids without provitamin A activity such as lutein, canthaxanthin, lycopene and astaxanthin. In fact, these non provitamin A carotenoids were as active, and at times more mediated and humoral immune response in animals and humans. Results have similarly shown immuno enhancement by non provitamin A carotenoids, based either on the relative activity or on the type of immune response affected compared to ÃŽ ²-carotene Studies on the role of carotenoids on immune response have generally used several key immune function assays. These include Ig production,lymphoblastogenesis, lymphocyte cytotoxic activity, cytokine production, delayed type hypersensitivity. In the 1930s, Green and Mellanby found that infections of the ear, bladder, kidney and gut of vitamin A-deficient rats were prevented when the rats were fed with ÃŽ ²-carotene. The level of carotene needed to prevent these infections was higher than the amount required to stimulate growth. Clauson observed that in young children with severe ear infections, improvement was seen following an increased intake of dietary carotene. These two early reports suggest that the anti-infective effect of ÃŽ ²-carotene may be due to its pro-vitamin A activity. ÃŽ ²-carotene may also have an independent effects on immune responses, separate from its provitamin A activity. ÃŽ ²-carotene and other carotenoids with nine or more conjugated double bonds may enhance immune function by quenching singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species, including free radicals. ÃŽ ²-carotene and canthaxanthin together inhibited the loss of macrophage receptors following exposure to reactive oxygen intermediate (Gruner et. al., 1986). T helper cells are involved in helping B cells secrete specific antibodies in response to an antigenic challenge. Experiments were performed , in which laboratory animals were either fed ÃŽ ²-carotene or canthaxanthin to determine a carotenoid effect, separate from a provitamin A effect on T and B lymphocyte functions. Canthaxanthin has the same ability to quench singlet oxygen and free radicals as ÃŽ ²-carotene but cannot be converted to vitamin A in mammals. Specific immune responses of laboratory animals were similarly enhanced with diets containing canthaxanthin as with diets containing ÃŽ ²-carotene (Benedict and Shapiro 1986). Some new investigations indicate that carotenoid can play a very important role in enhancing immune responses, which can lead to the reduction of tumor growth. The immune system has three cell types capable of killing tumor cells. In a preliminary report, it was shown that human natural killer cells killed significantly more tumor cells when incubated with ÃŽ ²-carotene than human cells not exposed to ÃŽ ²-carotene. ÃŽ ±-carotene also enhanced tumor killing (Leslie and Dubey, 1982). Carotenoids, besides acting through the various mechanisms described earlier, can also influence immune function through their ability to regulate membrane fluidity, and gap junctional communication. All these actions are most likely interrelated in their modulation of an immune response. Carotenoids help to maintain the membrane receptors that are essential for immune function, and they may also be found to be important in the release of immune modulatory lipid molecules such as leukotrienes. Carotenoids may increase the tumoricidal activity of the cytotoxic T cells, macrophages and or natural killer cells by any of these mechanism of action. Carotenoid enhances many aspects of immune function which include T and B lymphocyte proliferation, induction of specific effector cells capable of killing tumor cells, and the secretion of factors required for the communication between immunologically competent cells. The action of carotenoids on immune response hangs in a delicate balance with the intra-and extra cellular milieu, the outcome of which depends not only on the type and concentration of the carotenoid but also on the cell type and animal species involved. Even though studies to date have provided evidence for a specific action of carotenoids much has yet to be done to truly understand their molecular action. CAROTENOID AS PRO-VITAMIN A SOURCE Biosynthesis or conversion of carotendoids into vitamin A: Conversion of carotenoids into vitamin A becomes complicated in fishes and aquatic animals, due to the presence of vitamin A2, which frequently predominated over vitamin A in animals living or spawning in freshwater.The presence of an unsubstituted ÃŽ ²-ionone ring in the caroteniod molecule supports for vitamin A activity. Both vitamin A1, and A2 can be formed in some fishes from common precurors, such as ÃŽ ²-carotene (Morton and Creed, 1939). Carotenoids containing at least one unsubstituted 3, 4 dehydro ÃŽ ²-ionone ring have been shown to act as specific provitamins A2 in chicks (Budowski, et.al 1963) and mice (Budowski and Gross, 1965).According to (Budoswki, et. al 1963) the dehydration of lutein to anhydrolutein (3,4- dehydro-3-hydroxy ÃŽ ²-carotene), a provitamin A2 might be of possible biological significance in this respect. There are two pathways for the conversion of carotenoids to vitamin A in mammals, central cleavage and eccentric cleavage. In 1960, Glover thoughtfully discussed various pathways by which carotenoids might be converted into vitamin A. He indicated that two primary oxidative reaction might occur, one at the central 15, 15’ double bond and the other at one or more of the other double bonds. The product of the central cleavage of ÃŽ ²-carotene would be two molecules of retinal, where as that of eccentric cleavage would be one long and one short ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenal e.g. cyclocitral and ÃŽ ²-apo-8’-carotenal, by the rupture of the 7’:8’ double bond. The enzyme, ÃŽ ²-carotenoid-15, 15’-dioxygenase which converts ÃŽ ²-carotene into two molecules of retinal requires molecular oxygen and is inhibited by sulfhydryl-binding and iron –binding reagents. Most pro vitamin A carotenoids,including the ÃŽ ² apo-carotenals,are cleaved to retinal by this enzyme. Thus, carotenoid dioxygenase with eccentric bond specificity has been indentified in mammals, the yield of ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œapo-carotenals from ÃŽ ²-carotene in vivo and in vitro is very low, and ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenals are formed nonbiologically from ÃŽ ²-carotene. Cyclic carotenes may be oxidized to hydroxylated and epoxide derivatives, converted to allenic and less saturated derivatives, or cleaved oxidatively to shorter products. Central Cleavage: In 1965, the cytosolic enzyme preparations of the intestine and liver converted ÃŽ ²-carotene to retinal were shown by two independent groups (Goodwin, et.al and Olson et. al 1965 ). The enzyme required molecular oxygen, yielded retinal as the sole identified product, was inhibited by ferrous-ion chelating agents and by sulfhydryl binding reagents (Olson, 1983). The main yield of retinal formed from the ÃŽ ²-carotene was 40-60%( Goodman and Huang, 1965) and (Olson, 1969). Since ÃŽ ²-carotene is unstable during isolation by TLC some losses occurred as a result of both biological as well as non biological oxidation during incubation, retinal was the major, if not the sole, biological product of the reaction. The retinal formed was satisfactorily characterized by several chemical and physio-chemical procedures. The enzyme, termed ÃŽ ²-carotenoid 15, 15’- dioxygenase was subsequently purified 20 to 70 fold from the intestines of several species and upon purification it became unstable. ÃŽ ²-carotenoid- 15,15’-dioxygenase cleaves many carotenoids, including several ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenals.There may be some quantative differences but the relative rates of cleavage are similar(Singh and Cama 1974). In general, relative to the aldehyde form, the ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenals are better substrates and the ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenic acids are poorer substrates for the enzyme. Retinal has clearly been identified as one product of the reaction. Eccentric Cleavage. ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenals are intermediate between carotenoids and vitamin A. In conversion of ÃŽ ²-carotene to vitamin A, an important observation was made in a recent study that individual ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenals are formed in small but significant amounts by incubating ÃŽ ²-carotene aerobically in the dark with shaking for an hour in the absence of an enzyme preparation. When compared, the reported rate of enzyme-catalyzed retinal formation is much higher.Despite these low yields, ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenals might still be formed biologically from B-carotene in mammals. But in future studies, the non-biological formation of oxidation products of carotenoids must be carefully assessed and the rate of the eccentric cleavage reaction, both in vivo and in vitro, must be related to the rate of formation of retinal by central cleavage. The metabolism of the ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenals has been addressed primarily in terms of their conversion to vitamin A and their oxidation to ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenoic acids. As analogous of retinal, however, they are expected to be metabolized in a similar way. Thus a significant part of them may well be reduced to ÃŽ ²-apo-carotenols (Glover, 1960) and (Sharma et .al 1977) and subsequently esterified to ÃŽ ²-apo carotenyl esters. Such compounds like retinyl ester and esterified lipids, should be transported primarily in the Chylomicra. Fish are much more versatile than mammals in meeting their needs for vitamin A (Olson, 1983). Fish are able to convert astaxanthin (3,3’-dihydroxy, 4,4’-diketo-ÃŽ ²-carotene), canthaxanthin (4,4 diketo-ÃŽ ²-Carotene) and isozeaxanthin (4,4’-dihydroxy ÃŽ ²-carotene) to ÃŽ ² carotene. They can also convert anhydrolutein derived from lutein, to dehydroretinol (Goswami ;1987). The oxidative metabolites of carotenoids work as essential molecules in a wide variety of living organisms. Carotenoids are converted to biologically active products such as abscisic acid, trisporic acid and retinoic acid in plants, fungi and animals respectively. Their formation is mediated by enzymes that catalyze cleavage reactions against specific double bonds of cartenoids. Moreover, carotenoids vulnerable to oxidation have the potential to be converted to biologically active compounds by chemical transformation. In mammals, ÃŽ ²-carotene 15,15’-dioxygenase catalyzes conversion of ÃŽ ²-carotene to retinal (Olson and Hayaishi, 1965) and (Goodman and Huang 1965). Although the cleavage enzyme plays a crucial role in vitamin A formation, its properties have not yet been fully revealed. The regulatory mechanism of the dioxygenase in particular remains to be clarified in terms of the nutrition of pro-vitamin A carotenoids. Dietary ÃŽ ²-carotene solubilized in mixed micelles wit h bile components and hydrolyzates of dietary lipids is absorbed in intestinal cells. Retinal formed from ÃŽ ²-carotene is further converted to retinyl ester by retinal reductase and lecithin retinol acyltransferase with the aid of cellular retinol binding protien type-II (CRBP-II), and then incorporated into chylomicron (Ong,1993). Thus, the cleavage of ÃŽ ²-carotene in intestinal cells is closely linked to lipid and retinoid metabolism, and the regulation of the cleavage enzyme activity should be considered in this context. Moreover, the cleavage enzyme is located in the intestinal cells, which are directly exposed to various food components. Action of dietary phytochemicals on the dioxygenase activity might affect the bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoid derived from fruits and vegetables. Carotenoids can be oxidized to a number of compounds by chemical transformation, in contrast to the specific cleavage of certain carotenoids by the enzyme, because of the high reactivity of conjugated double bonds to active oxygen species. The enzymatic conversion of ÃŽ ²-carotene to vitamin A, the non-enzymatic cleavage of lycopene, and the biological actions of the oxidation products of lycopene are described in Akihiko Nagao†s paper.

Alternator and Parallel Operation Experiment

Alternator and Parallel Operation Experiment a) Purpose In first part, the purpose is measuring the mechanical and iron losses of a synchronous generator or alternator which is most commonly used machine for generation of electrical power for commercial purpose. In second part, the purpose is determining the ohmic and stray losses of a alternator at various speeds and calculating synchronous reactance. In the last part, the purpose is measuring the response of the alternator (which is operating with the constant excitation and speed) under different kinds of load. b) Background and Theoretical Discussion The most commonly used machine for generation of electrical power for commercial purpose is the synchronous generator or alternator. An alternator works as a generator when its rotor carrying the field system is rotated by a prime-mover which in this case is DC shunt motor. The terminal voltage of an alternator changes with load. Alternators are by far the most important source of electric energy. Alternators generate an AC voltage whose frequency depends entirely upon the speed of rotation. The generated voltage value depends upon the speed, the dc field excitation and the power factor of the load. As the DC field excitation of an alternator is increased, its speed being held constant, the magnetic flux, and hence, the output voltage, will also increase in direct proportion to the current. However, with progressive increases in DC field current, the flux will eventually reach a high enough value to saturate the iron in the alternator. Saturation in the iron means that there will be a smaller increase in flux for a given increase in DC field current. Because the generated voltage is directly related to the magnetic flux intensity, it can be used as a measure of the degree of saturation. When an alternator delivering full rated output voltage is suddenly subjected to a short-circuit, very large currents will initially flow. However, these large short-circuit currents drop off rapidly to safe values if the short-circuit is maintained. The output voltage of an alternator depends essentially upon the total flux in the air-gap. At no load this flux is established and determined exclusively by the DC field excitation. Under load, however, the air-gap flux is determined by the ampere-turns of the rotor and the ampere-turns of the stator. The latter may aid or oppose the MMF (magnetomotive force) of the rotor depending upon the power factor of the load. Leading power factors assist the rotor, and lagging power factors oppose it. The open-circuit test or the no-load test, is performed by driving the generator at its rated speed while the armature winding is left open. The field current is varied in suitable steps and the corresponding values of the open-circuit voltage varied in suitable steps and corresponding values of the open-circuit voltage between any two pair of terminals of the armature windings are recorded. The OCC follows a straight-line relation as long as the magnetic circuit of the synchronous generator does not saturate. In the linear region, most of the applied mmf is consumed by the air-gap; the straight line is appropriately called the air-gap line. As the saturation sets in, the OCC starts deviating from the air-gap line. c) Procedure In first part, after assemble the circuit according to the foregoing topographic diagram, exciter current and the current and voltage absorbed by the dc motor measured when not coupled to the alternator. Then motor and alternator coupled to measure exciter current and the current and voltage absorbed by the dc motor again. In this stage, it is an important point that alternator was not excited, so power between these two measurement gives us mechanical losses of the alternator. In the end, stator voltages for three speeds as a function of the exciter currents measured(Table 1) when the alternator is running at different constant speeds. In second part, after assemble the circuit according to the foregoing topographic diagram, exciter current and the current and voltage absorbed by the dc motor measured when alternator stator winding is short-circuited. After that, short-circuit current measured (Table 2) corresponding to the alternator exciter current values when the alternator is running at different constant speeds. In the last part, after assemble the circuit according to the foregoing topographic diagram, the resistive load was used as the first load, after that experiment repeated with inductive loads and finally with capacitive loads too. Load are connected in star connection. It could be connected as delta connection too but preferred as star connection because the alternator is already connected in star connection too. After loads connections set, value of the dc supply voltage of motor-alternator set increased until nominal speed of the alternator is reached. With the no-load exciter current IE0 (which were founded in first part of the experiment) given to the alternator field, measurements was starts with steps from R1 to R5 value. After that resistive load replaced and measurements repeated for inductive and capacitive loads too (Table 3). d) Results IEM= 0.8 AIM= 1.38 AUM= 220 VPMm= UM(IM IEM) = 127.6 W IEM0= 0.8 AIM0= 1.84 AUM0= 220 VPM0= UM0(IM0 IEM0) = 228.8 W PGm= PM0 PMm = 101.2 WIE0= 250 mA Speeds(min-1) 3000 2500 2000 IE (mA) US (V) US (V) US (V) 100 27 37 35 200 213 168 163 250 393 337 254 300 457 392 315 350 512 444 351 400 545 473 379 450 578 497 395 500 595 516 412 550 613 530 425 Table 1 : Stator voltage corresponding to the following exciter current values when alternator is running at different constant speeds. Plot 1 : Stator voltage curves for three speeds as a function of the exciter currents IEMk= 1 AIMk= 1.95 AUMk= 214 VPMk= UMk (IMk IMEk) = 203.3 W Speeds(min-1) 3000 2500 2000 IE (mA) US (V) US (V) US (V) 100 0.1 0.1 0.2 200 0.3 0.4 0.5 250 0.6 0.7 0.75 300 1.0 1.15 1.0 350 1.3 1.3 1.25 400 1.5 1.51 1.5 450 1.7 1.7 1.75 500 2 2.0 2.0 550 2.25 2.3 2.25 Table 2 : Short-circuit current corresponding to alternator exciter current values when the alternator is running at different constant speeds. Plot 2 : Stator current curves for three speeds as a function of the exciter currents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   n= 3000 (min-1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IE0= 250 (mA) R IS (A) US (V) L IS (A) US (V) C IS (A) US (V) R1 0.1 368 L1 0 333 C1 0.1 437 R2 0.2 357 L2 0.1 316 C2 0.2 466 R3 0.4 323 L3 0.2 278 C3 0.5 513 R4 0.5 284 L4 0.3 243 C4 0.8 576 R5 0.6 234 L5 0.4 211 C5 1.1 609 Table 3 : Stator current and voltage corresponding to different load values when the alternator is running at constant speeds and constant no-load exciter current value Plot 3 : Stator voltages as a funtion of the stator current for three types of load e) Conclusions In first part, it is possible that, learning about some machine characteristics with no-load test such as mechanical losses and the iron losses of alternator. In addition to that, it is observered that (Plot 1), with constant excitation the no-load voltage is proportional to the speed. In second part, just like in first part it is possible that, learning about some machine characteristics with short-circuit test such as ohmic and stray of alternator. Also, theoretically it is possible that synchronous reactance could be calculate In addition to that (Plot 2), it is observered that, short-circuit current is independent of the speed of the alternator and is proportional to the exciter current. In last part, the response of the alternator (which is operating with the constant excitation and speed) measured under different kinds of load. As expected, under capacitive load the stator voltage increases with increasing current, whereas under resistive and inductive loads it drops. Furthermore, in the case of inductive load a more sever voltage drop can be observed than under resistive load (Plot 3). f) References 1. A.E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsly, Jr., and S.D. Umans, Electrical Machines, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill New York, 1990. 2. D.P. Kothari, I.J. Nagrath, Electrical Machines, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2004

Free Essays - Yoricks Attitude Towards Women in A Sentimental Journey :: Laurence Sterne A Sentimental Journey

If we are to read Laurence Sterne's A Sentimental Journey, we must abandon the fixed idea about ordinary travel, which are filled with detailed descriptions of the landscapes. In Sterne's work, however, there are unique descriptions of human feelings, compared to the other ordinary travelogues. Consequently, the whole work makes readers confused at first. However, once we are absorbed in that story, we can easily follow Yorick's unique thoughts. Especially his attitude towards women is interesting. He meets many women and his attitude towards them does not change. That is, we can see there exists some principles when Yorick faces women. Therefore I will discuss Yorick's attitude towards Lady at the Remise; the Grisset in Paris; the fille de chambre; Maria and Eliza. Why does Yorick meet so many women in such a short time? As there is not a single passage about his own profile in the story, we cannot assume what he is and what he does in his country. Nevertheless, Yorick seems to be single, because nobody ever told Yorick not to go abroad in the first episode. And also Yorick is really afraid of being kept in prison. Though it is a sort of general fear that everybody can be scared, Yorick seems to be even more sensible about being limited to a particular place or group of people. He tries to set free the "starling" (71-3), because he does hate the feeling of confinement. A marriage possibly can be a sort of confinement to Yorick. That is, being a free single man, Yorick does not want to be tied to particular person. And that makes him meet so many women in such a short time and have lots of relationships with them. Then what is Yorick's attitude towards these women? First of all, he is a little bit passive when he approaches them. Yorick is usually left with a woman in some place, such as "the Remise", "Desobligeant". It is totally different from other's way of making acquaintance with someone. For instance, in case of La Fleur, he directly goes to some girl and have a good time with her (101). As the following example show, Yorick, is not active at all. : "Mons. Dessein left us[Yorick and a lady] together with her hand in mine" (16). When he is in the shop with the Grisset, she willingly asks him to feel her pulse (53).

Free Essays - Victorious Achilleus of the Iliad :: Iliad essays

Victorious Achilleus of the Iliad  Ã‚   From reading book twenty two in the Iliad it is clear, from the beginning, that Achilleus will prevail in the battle against Hektor.   The reader is given many hints from the text that Achilleus will succeed.   Homer, the writer of the text, feels he will win, and so gives the reader hints of his victory though his narration, and through the words of Hektor's parents, and the gods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, Hektor's father encourages his son to allow other men to fight with him in battle against Achilleus.   He says, "Hektor, beloved child to not wait the attack of this man alone, away from the others.   You might encounter your destiny eaten down by Peleion, since he is far stronger than you" (Homer 436).   Hektor's father assumes that if Hektor fights alone he will certainly lose.   Hektor's father knows what a great warrior Achilleus is, and so seeks to convince his son to cast away his pride, admit he is weaker, and solicit support from his fellow Trojans.   He has already lost a few sons at the hands of Achilleus and expects that Hektor cannot possibly win.   Since his father recognizes his weakness, this is the first hint about the outcome of the battle.   But Hektor, brave man that he is, will not be so easily convinced that Achilleus is stronger.   Even Hektor's mom is skeptical he can triumph over Achilles and begs him, "Do not go out as champion against him, o hard one; for if he kills you I can no longer morn you..." (Homer 437).   She too has little faith that he will overcome Achilleus and is concerned he will die at the hands of this great warrior.   She is so worried she does not even want him to fight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Next, Homer gives the reader a few more indirect suggestions about the outcome of the battle.   When Hektor first sees Achilleus approaching, he does not act like a extremely brave warrior.   Homer explains, "And the shivers took hold of Hektor when he saw him, and he could no longer stand his ground there, but left the gates behind, and fled, frightened..." (Homer 438).   Obviously, it seems unlikely Hektor can slay Achilleus since he is so afraid he cannot even stand his ground.   If he has no confidence in his fighting ability surely most readers will also think he is unable to win and that is why he chooses his only option-fleeing.

Diversity Essay -- essays research papers

By the year 2050, nonwhites will represent close to half of the U.S. population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau projections. By 2005, the ethnic minority share of the workforce is expected to grow to 28 percent, up from 18 percent in 1980 and 22 percent in 1990. Although the African American population is now the largest minority group, the Hispanic and Asian populations are growing much faster. In 1994, the African American population was estimated to be 33 million, or 12.7 percent of the total population, up from 11.7 percent in 1980. By 2025, African Americans are expected to represent 14 percent of the total. The Hispanic population is 10 percent of the total U.S. population in 1994, it is projected to be 17 percent by 2025. The Asian population was 3.4 percent of the total U.S. population in 1994, it is expected to more than double by 2025. With all of that stated, the above statistics should erase any doubt that workforce diversity is a critical business issue with serious, bottom line consequences, the Texaco lawsuit has erased those doubts forever. But a well publicized racial discrimination lawsuit is just one example of how an organization can be hurt if it is not actively working to manage and leverage workforce diversity. Other organizational costs could include depressed employee morale and loyalty, increased turnover and poor productivity. On the other hand, if managed well, a diverse workforce can boost productivi...

Procrastination Abstract Essay

Studies show that most students are academic procrastinators, they tend to wait for the last moment before submitting or finishing their school related tasks.   Analysts divided these students into two groups, the positive procrastinators and the negative procrastinators.   Positive procrastinators are those students who wait for the last moment to submit a work because they feel that the pressure of waiting for the last minute to do their work gives brings them enjoyment and makes them more productive, while negative procrastinators wait for the last minute because they are lazy or they lack the motivation. Contemporary analysts believe that most students belong to the latter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The position of modern day behavioral analysts is erroneous.   Positive procrastination among students is the norm not the exception. Contrary to the common notion that negative procrastination is prevalent among the student population, the truth of the matter is that students are more prone to positive procrastination.   Procrastination among students is more attributed to their belief that they perform better under pressure rather than their laziness or lack of focus.

Transaction Costs Economics

Introduction The conditions of doing businesses change dramatically for the past century and especially for the past 30 years. With the continuous improvement of the infrastructure marked by transportation, communications and technologies, as well as changing role played by the government and the financial markets, firms found new ways and equipped with new abilities to control their operations and interact with suppliers, customers, competitors and other stakeholders. Given the above infrastructure changes, vertical integration became a logical option for firms as the demand of product and market size increased tremendously which allowed the high-volume production since the early 90s. With the continuous advancement of the production and telecommunications technologies, it comes to a stage whereby market became a viable substitution of organisation as the exchange coordinator. Hence, one of the most important strategic decisions of firms is to define their boundaries and under what circumstances should they consider using market instead of internal organisation to coordinate exchange. This essay is to try to describe the key characteristics of Transactions Costs Economics (hereafter TEC) and with real life examples given as how it affects the decision of using market vs. organisation. Also, by quoting the example of Sony (battery), Apple (iPod) and firm that I am working with, we can see how firms define their vertical boundaries and what is the role played by coordination in a vertical chain. TEC One of the principle contributors to the study of TEC is Oliver E. Williamson. While Williamson drew on the earlier work done by Ronald Coase regarding the concept of transactions costs, he further advanced it and had developed the Transaction Costs Analysis (TCA) theory in the 1970s and the 1980s. In the neo-classical approach of economics study, firm is treated as a â€Å"black box†, and internal workings of which were not considered to be important. TEC, however, argued differently. It tried to explain why firms exist and why they existed in a particular form of structure and the extent to which it will integrate vertically, given the existence of transaction costs. Transaction costs can be aroused from: ? researching potential suppliers ?collecting information on prices ?negotiating contracts ?monitoring the supplier’s input ?legal costs incurred should the supplier breach contractual negotiations Another key characteristic of TEC is its underlying assumptions, namely bounded rationality and opportunism. Bounded rationality refers to the fact that people are bounded by the limits of their own knowledge and memories. People may also be bounded in their rationality when they are overloaded with information which is beyond their processing abilities. Opportunism refers to the possibilities that people might try to maximize their own benefit by lying about their true intentions or chances that people might exploit another party by taking advantage of unforeseen situations. It is worthwhile to mention that while TEC had tried to modify the assumptions under neo-classical decision theory by adding the deceitful human behaviour element in TCA, the core assumption of profit maximisation is still maintained. One of the key methods to maximize profit is to minimize costs. By assuming that management and the owners of the firms are rational, they must compare the cost of internal co-ordination, which includes the cost of internal production and the cost of governance, to the cost of using the markets, which includes external production cost and transactions costs. In essence, management is considering the â€Å"Make or Buy† decision when they do the cost comparison exercise. With the assumptions highlighted above, TEC then attempts to explain why a firm will integrate vertically by specifying three attributes that are used to characterize any transactions s, i. e. Frequency, Uncertainty and Asset Specificity. TEC argues that these attributes will determine whether transaction costs will be lowest in an organization or in a market. For frequency, it refers to the situation whereby firm will seldom integrate vertically if the services rendered or goods produced are rarely used. For uncertainty, it may be rooted from bounded rationality described above and from a situation whereby different parties involved had asymmetric information of the exchange. High uncertainty would generally lead to vertical integration, given the savings in transaction costs outweigh the costs incurred for vertical integration. For asset specificity, arguably it could be the most distinctive element in the TEC theory. As investment in relationship-specific asset that cannot be redeployed to another transaction without incurring extra cost or sacrifice in the productivity of the asset, it would lock the parties into the relationship to some degree. The level of specificity will increase if an asset has little value in alternative use. With the existence of this attribute, transaction costs may increase so much that it may push potential firm away from using market. In turn, firm will internalize the exchange by vertically integrating the firm that provided/offered the specific assets. With the notion of the investment in relationship-specific asset, it transforms the relationship between trading partners whereby parties which made investment in relationship-specific assets, the relationship changes from a â€Å"large numbers† bargaining situation to a â€Å"small numbers† bargaining situation. This situation is described by Oliver Williamson as the fundamental transformation. It gives raise to two important theoretical concepts, i. e. Quasi-Rents and the problem of Holdup. Both of these concepts affect the costs of arm’s-length market exchange and in turn affect the â€Å"Make or Buy† decision. Once a firm invests in a relationship-specific asset, it generates positive quasi-rent. The other party in the exchange may know this extra profit and will push for getting a share of it by holding up its trading partner. It can be done by renegotiating the terms of the exchange, or event breaching the contracts when they are incomplete. In view of the possible Holdup issue, the incentive for firms to invest in relationship-specific assets in the first place might be greatly reduced. Without the adequate supply of these assets, it might force the firm to make them by itself. Make Vs. Buy Cases Having the theoretical basis of the TEC theory described above, we can now see how the theory can be applied to the real life examples. The first example that I quote is the defect notebook batteries produced by Sony which resulted in recall in year 2006 and in 2008. In the personal computer (PC) manufacturing industry, most of the players, such as Lenovo, Hewlett-Packard, Toshiba and Dell, have been using the market and they buy most of the component parts required to make their desktops and notebooks instead of making them by themselves. One of the standard components of notebook is its battery. All of these PC firms buy their batteries from the market and one of the major battery suppliers is Sony. These PC firms made this â€Å"Buy† decision as they found Sony has attached economics of scale in producing notebook batteries which their in-house unit could not attain. Also notebook batteries are not relationship-specific assets and are not too difficult to coordinate in the production flows as it is a stand alone add-on that only required when the assembly of the notebook components is completed. So Timing and Sequence Fit are not a major coordination issue. In addition, leakage of private information is a non-issue as the raw materials of making battery cells are almost homogenous and relatively â€Å"low-tech† in the manufacturing process. Hence, these giant PC firms entered into contracts with Sony for the supply of their notebooks batteries. In year 2006, dozen of consumers worldwide reported Sony batteries were overheating and a few minor burns. The overheating batteries were shipped with Lenovo, HP, Toshiba and Dell notebooks. It resulted in a 9. 6 million notebook recall in year 2006. In this case, all PC firms were following the standard make vs. buy decision process and tried to reduce their production costs by using the market. However, all of them had underestimated the transaction costs related to the use of the market mechanism. With asymmetric information where Sony has more information that HP, Dell and other PC firms, it may subsequently use it opportunistically. The PC firms can reduce the problem by improving the quality control and contract terms of buying these batteries. However, it comes at a cost, transaction costs. While the compensations claims from these PC firms to Sony were not publicly disclosed, it certainly damaged the reputation of these PC firms and Sony. It also increased the costs of the contracts between them. While public expected this recall would not happen again, in year 2008, about 35,000 Sony notebook batteries were recalled in US after several reports of fire. Apparently, all parties involved had not taken into the transaction costs factor seriously enough given the 2006 recall. Vertical Integration I would like to illustrate the vertical integration strategy by referring to production of iPod by Apple Inc. While Apple Inc. claimed itself as a firm that designs and manufactures consumer electronics and computer software products, essentially it uses the market specialists as the coordination. It contracted out of all of its manufacturing functions and only kept the core design of its products in-house. Even its software was not entirely developed in-house. Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Inc. , ordered a team of hardware designers within the firm to design the hardware of iPod in year 2000. When Apple first launched iPod in the market on October, 2001, it used the software developed by a company called PortalPlayer. Apple also contracted another company, Pixo, to help on the user interface design and implementation. It is Apple Inc. hich continuously refined the look and feel of the software as the development progress. Regarding manufacturing, it was out-sourced to Taiwan companies with factories located in Mainland China. Component parts that made up of iPod are supplied by different suppliers, such as Samsung for microcontroller and storage medium and Cirrus Logic for audio chip. Interestingly, while Apple Inc. decided not to have forward integration for the manufacturing of iPod, it actively pursed the downstream integration by establishing its own distribution and retailing channel. It set up an online media store of iTunes Music Store on April 2003 and operates more than 250 retail stores in more than 9 countries. With the PC iTunes software that can access the iTunes Store and the special property right protection technology (Data Retention Management) that only allows iPod to play the contents (which include music, videos and games) purchased from the Store, the iPod, iTunes and on-line iTunes Store are well-coordinated in the downstream of the vertical chain. It also increased greatly the sales and profitability of Apple Inc.. Another case that I can refer to is my firm that I am currently working with. It is big law firm. When we decide whether we would outsource our supporting functions, such as data management and IT support, we always consider the chance of leakage of our private (client’s) information, which is critical to our profession. It will have negative legal and reputational consequence if our clients’ information is leaked to outsiders. As complete contracting is either infeasible or too costly, most of data management applications are developed in-house instead of buying from the market. Conclusion TEC is important as it represents one of the first and most influential attempts to develop an economic theory that look into the firm structure in a more serious manner. It is most often used to analyze vertical integration of firms. With the development of technologies and communications, transaction costs to use Market are reduced. However, the example of Sony batteries recall case shows that firms might underestimate these costs. While more firms are downsizing their structure and contracted out their functions, they strategically integrate to the functions which can enhance their overall profitability. The setting up of iTunes Stores and selling of proprietary contents by Apple Inc. for iPod is a good example. With possible leakage of private information and the failure to have complete contract, professional services firm is more likely to use the internal resources for its data and IT management.

Antwone Fisher Essay

Antwone Fisher is a young man with anger and temperament issues associated with childhood interpretation of physical and emotional abuse caused by the authoritarian figures of his family. Self-image and true self have been challenged, but the Navy as various events trigger tragic memories from the past. A psychiatrist played by Denzel Washington accepts the challenge to assist human development through various methods and intervention techniques. Furthermore, intervention helps to remove the layers of negative emotion and can be accomplished if the right counselor assists with proper intervention techniques. Carl Rogers theorized the importance of looking at â€Å"self†. He drew a distinction between the self perception and the perception of the â€Å"Ideal-self. There are organized patterns associated with the established one self or the many selves. The â€Å"phenomenal field of the individual includes both unconscious and conscious perceptions, including those of which an individual is aware and is not aware (Pervin p. 172). Focus is on providing avenues to consciousness, as the means to a healthy functional individual. Antwone’s self-image is buried in painful memories and unchecked past emotional events. Rogerian Theory seems to be based in self image. It provides a basis for understanding, evaluating, and providing the appropriate intervention. Gordon Allport’sTheory Rationale Functional Autonomy derives from the notion of healthy and well-organized aspects of human behavior. Traits are the basis of and most important aspect of personality, and they are seated in the nervous system. They represent generalized personality dispositions that account for regularities in the functioning of a person across situations and over time (Pervin p. 32). Antwone’s predictable pattern of behavior becomes traits controlled by his changing emotional state. When a memory challenges the nervous system, he makes irrational emotional unhealthy decisions. Allport’s theory application may reveal more options to understanding the root cause of aggressiveness and angry outbursts. Character Description Antwone Fisher was born in an Ohio prison (his mother was an inmate; his father was shot dead before his birth) and grew up in an abusive foster home in Cleveland. Beaten and often kept tied in the basement, Fisher ran away when he was seventeen and had to face life on the streets. Antwone joined the Navy only to find he was fighting to save himself from insult and to help preserve his pride. Antwone progressively becomes a healthy young man after a psychiatrist helps remove layers of anger and pain based memories. Character Analysis Structure- Antwone Fisher’s character is wrapped up in pressure associated with memories of a mother in prison, a father killed by his girlfriend, abandonment, and physical, emotional, and sexual maltreatment. He was placed in a foster home with his half-brothers. The pastor beat the light-skinned boy for having too much pride. Mrs. Tate tied Antwone’s hands behind his back and beat him unconscious and threatened to burn him with an open fire. She would create division between them while using skin color and the degrading terms. Antwone was the middle child. In the Navy, Antwone was a loner. He constantly went inside to find answers to his past. His treatment as a child stemmed from slave-based disciplinary practiced by Mrs. Tate. His character begins to be formed according to the daily exposure to verbal and mental lashings from her. His self-worth in her eyes amounts to nothing. His submissive behavior is degrading and subservient. He is chastised every step of his childhood into his teen years until he finally puts an end to the beating. There is no reward for good behavior. He even pokes fun at Dr. Davenport (Played by Denzel Washington) while making a mockery of his intervention suggestions. Denzel again reverts to memories from his past and the feelings associated with self-perception. Confusion after making an attempt to straighten-up drives him away from seeking more attention from the psychiatrist. He just wants to be a good shipman, but continues to find a problem with anger. Process He has to find himself before he can find his ideal-self. He realizes through the help of Dr. Davenport that he can change. He tries to find a trust based relationship to compare thoughts and feelings to his own. Establishing relationships may be difficult when internal issues have not been resolved; He wants to impress his woman friend but cannot find the words to begin a caring relationship. Denzel role plays away some of the perceived self-critical behavior to instill confidence. There is a growing consensus about the relationship between personality traits and emotional states, biological theorists of adult personality are exchanging ideas with theorists of childhood temperament, and long-term studies of personality development across the life span are delivering on the promises made many years ago William Revelle; Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 46, 1995, p. 1). Antwone finds incongruence between his perceived self image and his true self image. Dealing with emotional baggage and the inexperience of having the ability to build and maintain a lasting relationship can distort feelings and create confusion. Growth and Development Growth continues during the date with Cheryl as she points out things about his appearance that she finds attractive. His character develops as he shares himself in a way never before experienced. His self-worth grows as he overcomes fear to be â€Å"himself† as he lowers defenses and builds a relationship. He also looks to his psychiatrist the same night for validation and confirmation as he shares his first kiss experience. This appears to be the first time that lowering defenses and trusting his feelings creates a self-worth like never before. Personality theories attempt to account for individual behavior. The scope of such theories is vast. (Revelle, p. 1). Antwone is trying to be nice, but finds it difficult when provoked to anger. Dr. Davenport employs empathy as a way to meet Antwone where before moving quickly ahead. Affective level understanding creates an environment of trust and deeper understanding. Any attempt to withhold judgment and establish rapport assists greatly in growth rate and early development. In sensing the private world of a client, the counselor or therapist attempts to convey an empathic understanding of the person’s experiencing. Through a sensitive attunement, an individual is able to empathically sense his or her own subjective internal state. In an immediate context, a person’s reactions assume the form of hunches and a flow of inner feelings. In this mode, experiencing includes such reactions as love, hate, enjoyment, boredom, sensing, and perceiving. As a basic way of knowing, experiencing subjective responses is fundamental to everyday life. Empathy: Implications of Three Ways of Knowing in Counseling Journal article by Arthur J. Clark; Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, Vol. 43, 2004, p. 1). Carl Rogers (1964) described 3 ways of knowing with reference to empathic understanding: subjective, interpersonal, and objective. Dr. Davenport questions Antwone about his family life after he was thrown out of Mrs. Tate’s house. He talks about going back to the orphanage to develop his social skills. It’s what happens when empathy becomes a part of the process. Dr.  Davenport uses a line of questioning based in empathetic understanding. The centrality of understanding the private perceptual world of a person from an interpersonal perspective is a recurring theme in the writings of Rogers. Thus, the direction of an individual’s empathy is toward another person in an effort to grasp his or her phenomenological functioning. (p. 1). Institutionalized incarceration lacks sensitivity and empathy. The penal system and rehabilitation process formalize a different skill set and can impede growth and development. From reform school to a men’s shelter to living on the street creates a survival response and an identity vacuum and a need for understanding and belonging. Keep in mind the basis of the Roger’s approach is, to enact empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard (An Analysis of How Carl Rogers Enacted Client-Centered Conversation with Gloria Journal article by Scott A. Wickman, Cynthia Campbell; Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol. 81, 2003, p. 1). Antwone begins to show a trend of behaviors with anticipated responses. His motives are driven by basic human needs for survival. His dysfunctional past needs to be replaced with more productive behavior. Antwone’s park bench experiences before joining the Navy have to be considered in the same way Gordon Allport suggests personality and trait development tied to the environment. Antwone is very conscious of his reaction and responses to people and events in the environment. Antwone, a nice person, may be misunderstood and misjudged because of the trait behaviors associated with anger and violence. Allport surveys of personality psychology included discussions of such concepts as defense mechanisms, self, and identification. Shoring up the SASB Bridge between Personality Theory and Clinical Psychology Journal article by Jerry S. Wiggins; Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 5, 1994. 3 pgs, p. 3). Antwone employs each concept on the road to becoming a balanced healthy, functioning young man. Allport’s theory suggests growth or development of personality is equally important. Regardless of whether one favors traits or motives, many of the questions driving personality psychology are developmental: How do people develop the trait of sociability (or the need for achievement)? At what developmental period does this trait (need) emerge? When are the critical periods during which the trait (need) is expressed? Is sociability (need for achievement) stable from one developmental period to the next, and, if not, what factors are responsible for those changes? How does being high in sociability (need for achievement) shape the individual’s life path (Traits and Types, Dynamics and Development: No Doors Should Be Closed in the Study of Personality, Journal article by Oliver P. John, Richard W. Robins; Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 5, 1994. 6 pgs, p. 140)? Psychopathology The development of psychological theory tends to oscillate between optimistic advances and self-critical analyses and retrenchment (William Revelle; Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 46, 1995, p. 1). Antwone employs defense mechanisms to preserve his client/patient relationship with Dr. Davenport. His regression begins when he recalls the memory of his old friend tricks him into committing a crime. During the crime his best friend is killed. Self-maintenance becomes an issue as he recalls how many people in life have left him. He believes Dr. Davenport is determined to leave him after making him an extended member of the family. His high level of trust and sense of belonging gives way to loss and suffering. He’s willing to do almost anything to hold on to certainty in his life. Optimism crashes and retrenchment occurs as the feelings of loss become incongruent with the memory of his friends blood splatter across his face. His friend Jesse fed him when he was hungry and died during a botched robbery the next day. Believing the death relieved Jesse from fighting anymore, increases the feeling of abandonment, letdown and pain associated with accepting the last session with Dr.  Davenport. Internal and External Factors Internally something is missing. Self-concept and self-actualization cannot occur unless he is reunited with his past. As most counselors know very well, person-centered theory and therapy began with and evolved from the thinking, research, and practice of Carl Ransom Rogers (The Development and Evolution of Person-Centered Expressive Art Therapy: A Conversation with Natalie Rogers Journal article by John Sommers-Flanagan; Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol. 85, 2007, p. 1). Carl Rogers was raised by parents under one roof. The integration of person-centered principles and art is a natural combination of her parents’ most distinct qualities (p. 1). Antwone Fisher’s parents were non-existent. Internal and external support was missing therefore disrupting self-centered support. Much like Dr, Davenport, Roger’s interactions with clients were like small miracles of compassionate understanding and communication†. Carl Rogers believed that the relationship between therapist and client facilitates emotional and psychological healing. As counselors we often see ourselves in the same situations as our clients. For some reason, the need to remain ethical and subjective creates a gap in reality as our own defense mechanisms preserve internal wellness. The therapeutic atmosphere produces positive changes when unconditional positive regard supersedes poor judgment and inflexibility. When our practiced behavior becomes predictable, we become trait driven and predictable which often leads to in effective counseling alternatives. Pervin’s analysis and critique of personality-trait research rests on the assumption that the five-factor model (FFM), and trait models more generally, should fulfill all the goals of a complete theory of personality (Traits and Types, Dynamics and Development: No Doors Should Be Closed in the Study of personality Journal article by Oliver P. John, Richard W. Robins; Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 5, 1994. 6 pgs. , p137) In a summary statement about the nature of this relationship, the whole person remains fragmented until explanations associated with internal messages match externally. Antwone had to trace his family history for answers to self image, self-esteem, and the ideal self. Throughout the movie, he is polite, articulate, and very well-balanced in a trusting and loving environment. When the memories were released and support from his girlfriend prevailed, gradually the â€Å"real† Antwone Fisher began to take shape and grow. How can one become person centered and grow when completeness is rooted in deteriorating external information? Conclusion Communicating genuiness and unconditional positive self-regard is the key to breaking down the walls and destroying the defenses of a troubled and angry client. When a negative self image impeded growth and development, the counselor must build trust, establish rapport and utilize empathy effectively. Providing a safe environment and a loving and caring ethical and professional relationship with your client are the keys to successful intervention. Carefully choosing the process and defining reasonable goals assist in the healing process on the way to independence. Looking into a mirror and defining the meaning of self and the perceived ideal self may be incongruent occasionally. Self-talk can be detrimental and harmful when discouragement follows as a result of unanswered questions about the self and the past. When life becomes puzzling and negative behaviors overshadow self-perception, the counselor must provide a way to trace behaviors to the root cause. Rogers and Allport provide reasonable theories on personality development to help achieve successful and healthy lives. We must also consider the internal and external factors associated with changes in behavior as they impact behavioral changes. Antwone Fisher returned to the environment of his past abusive childhood and confronted the abusers before moving ahead. Three sessions may not be adequate for long-term care and permanent change. Being flexible with healthy boundaries throughout the intervention process, may reveal our own shortcomings as we attempt to stay the course. Antwone Fisher and Commander Davenport established an amazing, growing, and client-centered relationship. The outcome proves that independent and healthy living can be facilitated on both sides when unconditional positive regard prevails.

Personal Ethical Dilemma Essay

An international food party was conducted, during my sojourn in Japan as an exchange student. Since, I was the chairperson of the Korean language club; I ventured to prepare cheyookbogeum or Korean food for this party. I endeavored to do so only after consulting with the other members of the club and eliciting their opinion. Due to close collaboration between the club members, the venture depicted remarkable progress. During the course of preparing the food, I was constrained to decide whether to add MSG to the food. I had to undergo quite a bit of consternation regarding this decision, the party as such, was not all that big and this made me opt for the easy way out. However, I was not spared from having to scrutinize the situation precisely. The primary issue that I had to take into consideration was that addition of MSG to the food would improve its flavor and this would result in a larger number of people buying it. This would bring about a natural increase in profits, which would enable me to donate more money and provide incentives to the members who were making preparations for the party. Unfortunately, MSG does not promote good health and its prolonged use consumption could prove deleterious. In addition, if consumers came to know about having consumed MSG at a later date, they might develop a dislike for the food, which could even lead to their abstention from such food. Thus, by avoiding the addition of MSG, I would be behaving in an ethical manner, as I would have exhibited greater concern for the health of the consumer. Nevertheless, I could refrain from adding the MSG and promote the food as being prepared from solely fresh ingredients. Since, the flavor would not be all that appealing to the consumers; it would be difficult to realize profits. All the same, this food could be promoted as health food and then there might be a chance of making greater profits. All said and done, this issue was not of sufficient significance to affect the community. However, it provided me with an opportunity to adopt not only the perspective of a consumer but also that of a representative of the company. Moreover, I learned that one should take into account, long term perspectives, while taking decisions.